Modals

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English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'can'. 
'Can' is used to talk about a skill, competency, or possibility that a person needs to be able to do something.&nbsp; 
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + can + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; I can run fast</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + can + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; I can&rsquo;t run fast. &nbsp; &bull; I cannot run fast.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (can + subject + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Can you run fast?</td>
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>☞&nbsp;The negative form of can is used as&nbsp; &lsquo;can&rsquo;t, cannot&rsquo;, it is not written separately as '<s>can not</s>'. ✓ I can&rsquo;t swim very well. ✓ I cannot swim very well. ✗ <del>I can not swim very well.</del></td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Ability It is used to indicate an innate skill or an acquired ability. </h4>
&bull; I can play the piano.
&bull; He can&rsquo;t run very fast.
&bull; Can you speak French fluently?
<h4>Right It is used to indicate that someone has the right, opportunity or power to do something. </h4>
&bull; All citizens over the age of 18 can vote.
&bull; A police officer can carry a gun.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t come to the party on Friday.
<h4>Request It is used to ask someone to do something. </h4>
&bull; Can you open the door?
&bull; Can I have a cup of coffee, please?
&bull; Can you look after my cat when I am away?
<h4>Permission It is used to ask for, give or refuse permission. </h4>
&bull; Can I use your phone?
&bull; You can&rsquo;t park here.
&bull; You can take my car if you want. 
<h4>Offer/Suggestion It is used to offer help or make a suggestion. </h4>
&bull; Can I help you lift the box?
&bull; We can eat out tonight, if you like.
<h4>Impossibility It is used to indicate that something is not right, often with suspicion or confusion. </h4>
&bull; That can&rsquo;t be true.
&bull; You can&rsquo;t be serious!
&bull; He can&rsquo;t have arrived yet. 
<h4>Probability It is used to talk about probabilities that are generally considered to be true. </h4>
&bull; It can be very hot here in summer.
&bull; Learning a new language can be difficult.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Can' </h2>
&bull; Can you pass the salt, please?
&bull; Can you help me with this project? 
&bull; He can speak three languages fluently. 
&bull; He can&rsquo;t have finished the work.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t attend the meeting today.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t decide what to do now.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t understand what you mean.
&bull; Can I do anything for you?
&bull; Students can enter the museum for free.
&bull; Is there anything I can do for you? 
&bull; Deserts can be quite cold at night.
&bull; He can be very rude sometimes.
&bull; You can pass the exam if you work hard.
&bull; &ldquo;Can I sit here?&rdquo; &ldquo;No, you can&rsquo;t.&rdquo;
&bull; &ldquo;Can I borrow your book?&rdquo; &ldquo;Yes, you can.&rdquo;
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English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verb 'could'.
Could is used as the past tense of 'can' to talk about a past competence or a current possibility, request, permission, and suggestion. 
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + could + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; I could run fast.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative&nbsp;(subject + could + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; I couldn't run fast. &nbsp; &bull; I could not run fast. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (could + subject + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Could you run fast?</td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Past ability It is used as the past tense of can, to talk about a person's past ability or skill. </h4>
&bull; He could swim very well.
&bull; I knew that you could do that.
&bull; When I was younger I could run fast.
&bull; He couldn't come to the party yesterday.
<h4>Permission It is used to politely ask permission to do something. </h4>
&bull; Could I borrow your umbrella?
&bull; Could I use your phone, please?
<h4>Request It is used to politely ask someone to do something.</h4>
&bull; Could you open the door?
&bull; Could you pass me the salt?
<h4>Probability It is used to indicate that something is possible. </h4>
&bull; He could be right.
&bull; He could have lost his job.
&bull; The accident could be prevented.
<h4>Suggestion It is used to make a suggestion. </h4>
&bull; We could eat out tonight, if you like.
&bull; I wonder if we could go to the beach this weekend.
<h4>Annoyance It is often used to indicate disturbance or annoyance in an angry way. </h4>
&bull; I'm so pissed off I could scream!
&bull; You could have told me the truth!
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>☞&nbsp;When 'could' is used to make requests or ask permission to do something, the question is answered with 'can'. 
&bull; &ldquo;Could I ask a question?&rdquo; &ldquo;Yes, you can.&rdquo;
&bull; &ldquo;Could I borrow your book, please?&rdquo; &ldquo;No, you can't.
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<h2>Example Sentences with 'Could' </h2>
&bull; I could play the piano then.
&bull; He said that he couldn't come to the party.
&bull; She could read French when she was four
&bull; I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw her.
&bull; Could you repeat that, please?
&bull; I couldn't sleep last night because of the noise.
&bull; We could be making a big mistake.
&bull; The situation couldn't be worse!
&bull; You could at least try to help me!
&bull; He asked if we could meet at the library.
&bull; I wasn't sure if I could do that. 
&bull; I'm not sure if I could do that.
&bull; I'm not sure if I could have done that.
&bull; If I had time, I could help you with your project.
&bull; I wish I could turn back time and make different decisions. 
&bull; If you could lend me some money, I would really appreciate it.
&bull; I wonder if we could meet at the park instead of the coffee shop.

Could

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'be able to'.
Be able to&nbsp;is generally used to talk about a skill, competency, or possibility. Although it is synonymous with 'can/could', 'be able to' can be used with other tenses and other modal verbs. 
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + be able to + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; He&nbsp;is able to speak English.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative&nbsp;(subject + be + not + able to + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; He is not able to speak English. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question&nbsp;(be + subject + able to + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Is he able to speak English?</td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Ability It is used to indicate an innate skill or an acquired ability.</h4>
&bull; She is able to swim very well.
&bull; He is able to speak French and German. 
&bull; Dolphins are able to swim very fast.
<h4>Capacity It is used to indicate that something has the capacity or capability to do something. </h4>
&bull; The car is able to connect to the internet.
&bull; The computer is able to process large amounts of data quickly.
<h4>Opportunity It is used to indicate that a person has time, money or opportunity to do something. </h4>
&bull; Will you be able to come to the party? 
&bull; We are not able to afford a new car at the moment.
<h4>Success It is used to indicate that a person has managed to do something that seems difficult or dangerous. This usage is synonymous with 'manage'. </h4>
&bull; She was able to escape the burning building.
&bull; He was able to fix the car's engine within minutes. 
<h4>Permission/Right It is used to indicate that a person has permission or right to do something. </h4>
&bull; Members are able to enter the museum for free.
&bull; Children under the age of 18 are not able to drive a car.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Be able to' </h2>
&bull; He is able to speak four languages with fluency.
&bull; I am not able to speak Spanish fluently.
&bull; She was able to pass the exam.
&bull; He wasn't able to finish the race because of an injury.
&bull; I will be able to finish the report by tomorrow.
&bull; We won't be able to finish the work by Friday
&bull; He might be able to help you.
&bull; He might not be able to achieve his goal. 
&bull; We should be able to manage time.
&bull; He should not be able to make rapid decisions. 
&bull; We have been able to find a solution to the problem.
&bull; I have not been able to save enough money to buy a car.
&bull; Visitors are not able to enter this area.
&bull; You are not able to bring food into the theater.
&bull; Humans are not able to see in the dark.
&bull; The child isn't able to walk yet.
&bull; The young bird is not able to fly yet.
&bull; The car is able to reach high speeds within 5 seconds.
&bull; He was able to solve the math problem with ease.
&bull; I wasn't able to sleep last night because of the noise.

Be Able To

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'may'. 
May is generally used to talk about a probability, permission or to introduce a polite statement. 
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative&nbsp; (subject + may + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; He may be right.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + may + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; He may not be right. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (may + subject + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; May I come in?</td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Probability It is used to indicate that something is likely to happen. </h4>
&bull; We may be late.
&bull; It may rain in the afternoon.
&bull; He may have missed the bus.
<h4>Permission a)&nbsp;It is used to ask for or give permission.</h4>
&bull; You may leave now.
&bull; May I use your phone?
<h4>b) In formal language, it is used to indicate that someone is or is not allowed to do something. </h4>
&bull; Workers may not wear jeans at work.
&bull; Students may enter the museum for free.
<h4>Polite statement It is used to politely say, ask, or suggest something. </h4>
&bull; May I ask a question?
&bull; I&rsquo;d like to add something, if I may.
<h4>Although It is used to indicate that something is true, but something else is also true. </h4>
&bull; He may be kind, but he is wrong.
&bull; He may be young, but he has a lot of experience
<h4>Hope/Wish It is used to indicate a hope or wish. </h4>
&bull; May the best man win!
&bull; &lsquo;Her mother passed away&rsquo;. &lsquo;May she rest in peace&rsquo;.
<h4>Purpose It is used to specify a purpose after conjunctions 'in order that' and&nbsp;'so that'.</h4>
&bull; I&rsquo;ll go by car so that I may get there on time.
&bull; We ought to prevent the war in order that we may live in peace.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'May' </h2>
&bull; You may be right.
&bull; That may or may not be a problem.
&bull; They may well succeed.
&bull; I may have to work late tonight.
&bull; I may not be able to come on Saturday.
&bull; He may have left while we were out.
&bull; &ldquo;May I come in?&rdquo; &ldquo;Yes, of course&rdquo;
&bull; &ldquo;May I borrow your book?&rdquo; &ldquo;No, you may not.&rdquo;
&bull; You may consider your decision again.
&bull; The project, if I may say so, was a waste of time.
&bull; May I suggest a different idea?
&bull; Economy is improving. Long may it continue to do so.
&bull; We may need to change our plans due to the weather forecast.
&bull; You may not be aware of this, but I'm allergic to peanuts.
&bull; She may have misunderstood what you said.

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'might'. 
Might is generally used to indicate a probability, ask permission, or introduce a polite statement or request. 
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative&nbsp; (subject + might + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; He might be right.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + might + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; He might not be right. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (might + subject + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Might I come in?</td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Probability It is used to indicate that something is likely to happen.</h4>
&bull; We might be late.
&bull; It might be dangerous to go there.
&bull; They might have missed the train.
<h4>Past tense of may a) It is used to report&nbsp;that something was said or requested in the past. </h4>
&bull; He said he might be late for the meeting.
&bull; She asked if I might help her.
<h4>b)&nbsp;It is used to specify a&nbsp;past&nbsp;purpose after conjunctions 'in order that' and&nbsp;'so that'.</h4>
&bull; I set an alarm so that I might not oversleep.
&bull; We left early in order that we might not miss the flight.
<h4>Permission It is used to politely ask permission to do something.</h4>
&bull; Might I use your phone? 
&bull; I wonder if I might be able to borrow your car?
<h4>Polite statement It is used to politely say, ask, or suggest something.</h4>
&bull; Might I ask a question?
&bull; I thought we might go out tonight.
&bull; If I might say, I think the design could be more simple.
<h4>Although It is used to indicate that something is true, but something else is also true.</h4>
&bull; He might be rich, but he is so stingy.
&bull; It might be a good idea to go there, but we don&rsquo;t have time.
<h4>Annoyance It is used to indicate that someone is concerned&nbsp;or annoyed by something. </h4>
&bull; You might at least apologize!
&bull; You might have told me you were going to be late!
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Might' </h2>
&bull; It might be true.
&bull; It might snow tomorrow. 
&bull; It might be smart to do that.
&bull; He might be able to fix the car.
&bull; Might I make a suggestion?
&bull; We might go to the park later.
&bull; We might go on holiday next month.
&bull; You might want to change the design.
&bull; I might need to borrow your umbrella.
&bull; We might have to cancel the picnic if it rains.
&bull; You might have left your keys in the car.
&bull; I thought we might go to the beach on Saturday.
&bull; He said he might help me with the project tomorrow.
&bull; It was too risky. He might have lost his job.
&bull; If we hurry, we might get there on time.
&bull; If she knew the truth, she might not do that.
&bull; If he had studied more, he might have passed the test.
&bull; I might buy a new car, but I can't be sure.
&bull; She said she might be late, but she arrived early.
&bull; It's hard to tell, but the team might win the game.
&bull; You might at least try to pass the test!
&bull; You might have asked me for my opinion before making the decision.
&bull; I'm not sure if I'll be able to finish the marathon. It might be too difficult for me.

Might

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verb 'should'. 
Should&nbsp;is the past tense of &lsquo;shall&rsquo;. It is generally used to say that something is the proper or best thing to do. It also has many other usages. 
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject&nbsp;+ should + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; I should study for the exam.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject&nbsp;+ should + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; You should not go out. &nbsp; &bull; You shouldn't go out. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (Should + subject&nbsp;+ V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Should I help her?</td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Ideal It is used to indicate something that is thought to be the right, good, or ideal thing to do. </h4>
&bull; We should be respectful to our elders.
&bull; People should be honest in their relationships. 
&bull; There should be more parking spaces in this area. 
&bull; I should call my parents to let them know I'll be late. 
<h4>Advice It is used to give a recommendation or make suggestions. </h4>
&bull; You should study for the exam. 
&bull; He should wear a jacket; it's quite cold outside. 
&bull; You shouldn't be rude to others. 
&bull; I think you should apologize for what you said.
<h4>Expectation It is used to indicate&nbsp;something&nbsp;that is expected or likely to happen. </h4>
&bull; He should be at work now. 
&bull; It should be sunny tomorrow. 
&bull; The package should arrive by Friday. 
&bull; After studying all night, you should perform well on the exam. 
&bull; The bus should arrive at the station in about 10 minutes. 
<h4>Indirect speech It is used in indirect speech in the past tense structure. </h4>
&bull; He said he should arrive by noon. 
&bull; He suggested that I should apply for the job. 
&bull; She expected that the package should be delivered yesterday.
<h4>Should have It is used to express something that we wanted to happen in the past but it did not happen. </h4>
&bull; I should have studied for the exam last night. 
&bull; They should have finished their project by now. 
&bull; You shouldn't have spoken to her like that. 
&bull; We shouldn't have gone to that party; it was boring.
<h4>Clause It is used in conditional sentences to express an assumed outcome. </h4>
&bull; If it rains, we should stay indoors.
&bull; Should you change your mind, let me know. 
&bull; In case you should have any questions, don't hesitate to ask.

Should

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'must'. 
Must is generally used to talk about a necessity, obligation, or strong probability. 
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + must + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; You must go now.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + must + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; You must not go now. &nbsp; &bull; You mustn't go now. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (must + subject + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Must I go now?</td>
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<h2>Usage</h2>
<h4>Necessity It is used to indicate that something is necessary or very important. </h4>
&bull; I must finish my homework.
&bull; It&rsquo;s getting dark. I really must go.
&bull;&nbsp;These flowers must be watered regularly.
<h4>Obligation It is used to indicate that something is legally or formally required. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;You must not park your car here.
&bull; You must be at least 18 years old to vote.
<h4>Strong probability It is used to indicate that something is likely or most likely true. </h4>
&bull; He must be upset about the news.
&bull; He must be tired after working all day.
&bull; She must have arrived home by now.
<h4>Recommendation It is used to recommend something that is considered good or beneficial. </h4>
&bull; You must read this book.
&bull; You must save money for the future.
<h4>Emphasis It is used with certain verbs such as 'say, admit, warn, etc.' to emphasize something. </h4>
&bull; I must say, I am quite pleased with the results.
&bull; I must admit, I didn't expect to win the competition.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Must' </h2>
&bull; I must go now.
&bull; You must be joking.
&bull; He must be at least 50. 
 &bull; There must be some mistake. 
&bull; You must stop at the red light.
&bull; You must not leave the party early.
&bull; We must finish the report by Monday.
&bull; You must take your medicine every day.
&bull; We must leave early to catch the train.
&bull; They must follow the rules of the game.
&bull; There must be a better solution to this problem.
&bull; You must have misunderstood what I said.
&bull; They must have spent a lot of money on the wedding.
&bull; They must have forgotten to invite us to the party.
&bull; He must not violate the terms of the contract.
&bull; You must admit, the view was breathtaking.
&bull; I must warn you, the exam is going to be difficult.
&bull; He must be running late, because he's not here yet.
&bull; They must be having a great time on their trip.
&bull; You must be really excited for your vacation.
&bull; We must be prepared for the worst scenario.
&bull; You must be careful when crossing the street.
&bull; You must have a driver&rsquo;s license to operate a vehicle.
&bull; I must have left my wallet at the store, because I can't find it anywhere.
&bull; There must be a mistake on the bill, because it's too high.
&bull; There must be something wrong with the car, because it's making a strange noise.

Must

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'ought to'. 
Ought to is generally used to talk about a necessity, expectation, or moral obligation.&nbsp;The usage of 'ought to' is very similar to 'should'.
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative&nbsp;(subject + ought&nbsp;+ to + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; We ought to be careful.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative&nbsp;(subject + ought + not + to&nbsp;+ V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; You ought not to be late. &nbsp; &bull; You oughtn't to be late. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (ought + subject + to&nbsp;+ V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Ought I to come early?</td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Righteousness It is used to indicate that doing something is right, necessary, or morally obligated. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;We ought to help her.
&bull;&nbsp;Drivers oughtn't to exceed the speed limit.
&bull;&nbsp;We ought to be more respectful towards others.
&bull;&nbsp;He ought to have listened to his teacher&rsquo;s advice.
<h4>Expectation It is used to indicate an expectation or that something is possible. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;This movie ought to be good.
&bull;&nbsp;The journey ought to take about 4 hours.
&bull;&nbsp;They ought to have arrived by now.
&bull;&nbsp;He has worked all day. He ought to be tired.
<h4>Advice It is used to give advice or make a suggestion. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;You ought to read this book.
&bull;&nbsp;You ought to eat more fruits.
&bull;&nbsp;You ought to have come to the party. It was amusing.

Ought To

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'would'. 
Would&nbsp;is generally used as the past tense of will or to ask for something politely. It also has many other usages.
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + would + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; He would come early.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + would + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; He would not come early. &nbsp; &bull; He wouldn't come early. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (would + subject + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Would you like coffee?</td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>1. It is used to offer or ask for something politely. </h4>
&bull; Would you like more tea?
&bull; Would you mind waiting a moment?
&bull; Would you open the window, please?
<h4>2. It is used as the past tense of 'will'. </h4>
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<td>&nbsp;will</td>
<td>would</td>
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<td>&nbsp;&bull; He will come early.</td>
<td>&bull; He would come early. </td>
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<td>&nbsp;&bull; He says he will help me.</td>
<td>&bull; He said he would help me.</td>
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<h4>3. It is used to indicate a situation that is possible but unrealized or imagined. </h4>
&bull; You would see her if you came early.
&bull; She&rsquo;d look better with black hair.
&bull; It would be a shame to miss the event.
<h4>4. It is used to indicate an unrealized situation that is not possible to happen.</h4>
☞ This usage is always used with the 'would have + V3' structure. &bull; I would have called you, but I wasn&rsquo;t free.
&bull; If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
<h4>5. It is used to indicate something that is intended to happen. </h4>
☞&nbsp;This usage is usually used with&nbsp;'I wish' or 'If only'. &bull; I wish he would be here. 
&bull; If only I would listen to my father.
<h4>6. It is used to give advice or ask for advice from someone else. </h4>
&bull; If I were you, I would not do that. 
&bull; What would you do in my situation?
<h4>7. It is used to express a feeling, desire, etc. </h4>
☞ The following words are commonly used in this case:&nbsp;Would like, love, prefer, hate, etc. &bull; I would love a coffee.
&bull; I would hate to be late.
<h4>&nbsp;8. It is used to express an opinion on a subject that one is not sure about. </h4>
☞ The following words are commonly used in this case:&nbsp;Would imagine, say, think, etc. &bull; I&rsquo;d say he is about forty.
&bull; I would think that he was telling the truth. 
<h4>9. It is used to indicate a situation that happened or was done frequently in the past.</h4>
☞&nbsp;This usage is synonymous with 'used to'. &bull; Every morning we would walk in the park.
&bull; When we were away, she would look after our dog.
<h4>10. It is used to indicate why someone does something.</h4>
☞&nbsp;This usage is used with 'so that' veya 'in order that'. &bull; He saved money so that he would buy a car.
&bull; I left early in order that I would arrive on time.