<div class="prose mt-8 text-gray-700">
English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'can'. 
'Can' is used to talk about a skill, competency, or possibility that a person needs to be able to do something.&nbsp; 
<table>
<thead>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + can + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; I can run fast</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + can + not + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; I can&rsquo;t run fast. &nbsp; &bull; I cannot run fast.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (can + subject + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Can you run fast?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="background-color: #fff2f2;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>☞&nbsp;The negative form of can is used as&nbsp; &lsquo;can&rsquo;t, cannot&rsquo;, it is not written separately as '<s>can not</s>'. ✓ I can&rsquo;t swim very well. ✓ I cannot swim very well. ✗ <del>I can not swim very well.</del></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Ability It is used to indicate an innate skill or an acquired ability. </h4>
&bull; I can play the piano.
&bull; He can&rsquo;t run very fast.
&bull; Can you speak French fluently?
<h4>Right It is used to indicate that someone has the right, opportunity or power to do something. </h4>
&bull; All citizens over the age of 18 can vote.
&bull; A police officer can carry a gun.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t come to the party on Friday.
<h4>Request It is used to ask someone to do something. </h4>
&bull; Can you open the door?
&bull; Can I have a cup of coffee, please?
&bull; Can you look after my cat when I am away?
<h4>Permission It is used to ask for, give or refuse permission. </h4>
&bull; Can I use your phone?
&bull; You can&rsquo;t park here.
&bull; You can take my car if you want. 
<h4>Offer/Suggestion It is used to offer help or make a suggestion. </h4>
&bull; Can I help you lift the box?
&bull; We can eat out tonight, if you like.
<h4>Impossibility It is used to indicate that something is not right, often with suspicion or confusion. </h4>
&bull; That can&rsquo;t be true.
&bull; You can&rsquo;t be serious!
&bull; He can&rsquo;t have arrived yet. 
<h4>Probability It is used to talk about probabilities that are generally considered to be true. </h4>
&bull; It can be very hot here in summer.
&bull; Learning a new language can be difficult.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Can' </h2>
&bull; Can you pass the salt, please?
&bull; Can you help me with this project? 
&bull; He can speak three languages fluently. 
&bull; He can&rsquo;t have finished the work.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t attend the meeting today.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t decide what to do now.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t understand what you mean.
&bull; Can I do anything for you?
&bull; Students can enter the museum for free.
&bull; Is there anything I can do for you? 
&bull; Deserts can be quite cold at night.
&bull; He can be very rude sometimes.
&bull; You can pass the exam if you work hard.
&bull; &ldquo;Can I sit here?&rdquo; &ldquo;No, you can&rsquo;t.&rdquo;
&bull; &ldquo;Can I borrow your book?&rdquo; &ldquo;Yes, you can.&rdquo;
</div>

İngilizce

Present Continuous Tense

English Grammar for proficiency: The Simple Present Tense 
The Simple Present Tense is usually used to talk about regular actions or general truths. 
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 43.5334px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Affirmative </td>
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/We/They +&nbsp;V1</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">&nbsp; He/She/It + V1 + -s </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="height: 43.5334px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Negative </td>
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/We/They +&nbsp;do + not + V1 </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; He/She/It + does + not + V1</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 43.5334px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Question </td>
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">Do +&nbsp;I/You/We/They + V1</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Does + He/She/It + V1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.568%; height: 330.8px; border: 1px solid #E6EBEF;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; background-color: rgb(250, 251, 252); border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example </td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I love you.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; He sings well.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I do not love you.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I don't love you.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; He does not sing.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">He doesn't sing.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+? </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">Do you love me?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Does he sing?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">-? </td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Do you not love me?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Don't you love me?</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Does she not sing?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Doesn't she sing?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">Time Expressions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">always, usually, generally, often, sometimes, occasionally, never, every day/week/year etc., once a day, twice a week, three times a year, on Sundays, on Saturday nights, on Monday mornings, on weekdays/weekends, at night/noon, in the morning/afternoon/evening </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h3>Habit </h3>
It's used when we talk about habits, daily routines, repeated actions or repeated events, usually with adverbs of frequency such as 'always, sometimes, usually, often, never'. 
・ I always get up early. 
・ He likes playing chess.&nbsp;
・ John drinks tea every day.&nbsp;
・ We go swimming twice a week. 
・ How often do you go running? 
・ They watch TV in the evening.
<h3>General Truth </h3>
It is used to indicate a permanent situation or a general truth. 
・My name is Maria.&nbsp;
・He works in Germany.&nbsp; 
・Where do you live?&nbsp; 
・It doesn't rain much here. 
・Tom knows three languages.&nbsp;
<h3>Scientific Fact </h3>
It is used to indicate situations that are accepted as true by everyone, such as laws of nature or scientific facts. 
・The sun sets in the west.&nbsp; 
・Every atom has a nucleus. 
・The Earth orbits around the Sun. 
・Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. 
・The human body is made up of cells.
<h3>Now </h3>
It is used with 'stative verbs' to express a current feeling or thought.
・I feel dizzy.&nbsp;
・You look awful.
・I want to drink water.&nbsp;
・I don't understand you.&nbsp;
<h3>Future</h3>
It is used to indicate that something is scheduled to happen in the future, usually&nbsp;with adverbs of time such as&nbsp;'tomorrow,&nbsp;next week, this evening'. 
・The school starts next week.&nbsp;
・The concert starts at 7 p.m. tonight.
・The plane arrives at 09.45 tomorrow.&nbsp; 
<h3>Clause</h3>
It is used as a clause with conjunctions such as&nbsp;'if, when, while, after, before, unless'.
・If it rains, we'll get wet. 
・I will visit my uncle before I leave.&nbsp;
・We listen to music while we work. 
・I'll give something to him when I see him.&nbsp; 
<h3>Instruction</h3>
It is used in sentences giving orders, instructions or directions.
・Call the police. 
・You two help me. 
・You turn the key to start the car.
・Go straight for one mile and then turn right.
<h3>Narrative</h3>
It is used to narrate a story, tale, book, movie, or match.
・The prince goes to the forest and...&nbsp;
・The player kicks the ball and scores a goal.
<h3>Quotation </h3>
It is used to introduce the quotation or paraphrase someone's words.
・The Bible says do everything in love. 
・The report warns that a global water crisis is likely.
<h3>News&nbsp; </h3>
It is used instead of the past tense in news headlines.
・Five soldiers die in Iraq.&nbsp;
・Four people injure in the collision.&nbsp;
<h3>There/Here</h3>
It is used in phrases 'there goes.., here comes...'. 
・Here comes your daughter. 
・There goes the bus we were supposed to catch.

Simple Present Tense

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verb 'could'.
Could is used as the past tense of 'can' to talk about a past competence or a current possibility, request, permission, and suggestion. 
<table>
<thead>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + could + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; I could run fast.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative&nbsp;(subject + could + not + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; I couldn't run fast. &nbsp; &bull; I could not run fast. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (could + subject + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Could you run fast?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Past ability It is used as the past tense of can, to talk about a person's past ability or skill. </h4>
&bull; He could swim very well.
&bull; I knew that you could do that.
&bull; When I was younger I could run fast.
&bull; He couldn't come to the party yesterday.
<h4>Permission It is used to politely ask permission to do something. </h4>
&bull; Could I borrow your umbrella?
&bull; Could I use your phone, please?
<h4>Request It is used to politely ask someone to do something.</h4>
&bull; Could you open the door?
&bull; Could you pass me the salt?
<h4>Probability It is used to indicate that something is possible. </h4>
&bull; He could be right.
&bull; He could have lost his job.
&bull; The accident could be prevented.
<h4>Suggestion It is used to make a suggestion. </h4>
&bull; We could eat out tonight, if you like.
&bull; I wonder if we could go to the beach this weekend.
<h4>Annoyance It is often used to indicate disturbance or annoyance in an angry way. </h4>
&bull; I'm so pissed off I could scream!
&bull; You could have told me the truth!
<table style="background-color: #fff2f2;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>☞&nbsp;When 'could' is used to make requests or ask permission to do something, the question is answered with 'can'. 
&bull; &ldquo;Could I ask a question?&rdquo; &ldquo;Yes, you can.&rdquo;
&bull; &ldquo;Could I borrow your book, please?&rdquo; &ldquo;No, you can't.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Could' </h2>
&bull; I could play the piano then.
&bull; He said that he couldn't come to the party.
&bull; She could read French when she was four
&bull; I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw her.
&bull; Could you repeat that, please?
&bull; I couldn't sleep last night because of the noise.
&bull; We could be making a big mistake.
&bull; The situation couldn't be worse!
&bull; You could at least try to help me!
&bull; He asked if we could meet at the library.
&bull; I wasn't sure if I could do that. 
&bull; I'm not sure if I could do that.
&bull; I'm not sure if I could have done that.
&bull; If I had time, I could help you with your project.
&bull; I wish I could turn back time and make different decisions. 
&bull; If you could lend me some money, I would really appreciate it.
&bull; I wonder if we could meet at the park instead of the coffee shop.

Could

'Simple Present Tense' and 'Present Continuous Tense'

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'be able to'.
Be able to&nbsp;is generally used to talk about a skill, competency, or possibility. Although it is synonymous with 'can/could', 'be able to' can be used with other tenses and other modal verbs. 
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + be able to + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He&nbsp;is able to speak English.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative&nbsp;(subject + be + not + able to + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He is not able to speak English. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question&nbsp;(be + subject + able to + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Is he able to speak English?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Ability It is used to indicate an innate skill or an acquired ability.</h4>
&bull; She is able to swim very well.
&bull; He is able to speak French and German. 
&bull; Dolphins are able to swim very fast.
<h4>Capacity It is used to indicate that something has the capacity or capability to do something. </h4>
&bull; The car is able to connect to the internet.
&bull; The computer is able to process large amounts of data quickly.
<h4>Opportunity It is used to indicate that a person has time, money or opportunity to do something. </h4>
&bull; Will you be able to come to the party? 
&bull; We are not able to afford a new car at the moment.
<h4>Success It is used to indicate that a person has managed to do something that seems difficult or dangerous. This usage is synonymous with 'manage'. </h4>
&bull; She was able to escape the burning building.
&bull; He was able to fix the car's engine within minutes. 
<h4>Permission/Right It is used to indicate that a person has permission or right to do something. </h4>
&bull; Members are able to enter the museum for free.
&bull; Children under the age of 18 are not able to drive a car.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Be able to' </h2>
&bull; He is able to speak four languages with fluency.
&bull; I am not able to speak Spanish fluently.
&bull; She was able to pass the exam.
&bull; He wasn't able to finish the race because of an injury.
&bull; I will be able to finish the report by tomorrow.
&bull; We won't be able to finish the work by Friday
&bull; He might be able to help you.
&bull; He might not be able to achieve his goal. 
&bull; We should be able to manage time.
&bull; He should not be able to make rapid decisions. 
&bull; We have been able to find a solution to the problem.
&bull; I have not been able to save enough money to buy a car.
&bull; Visitors are not able to enter this area.
&bull; You are not able to bring food into the theater.
&bull; Humans are not able to see in the dark.
&bull; The child isn't able to walk yet.
&bull; The young bird is not able to fly yet.
&bull; The car is able to reach high speeds within 5 seconds.
&bull; He was able to solve the math problem with ease.
&bull; I wasn't able to sleep last night because of the noise.

Be Able To

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'may'. 
May is generally used to talk about a probability, permission or to introduce a polite statement. 
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative&nbsp; (subject + may + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He may be right.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + may + not + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He may not be right. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (may + subject + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; May I come in?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Probability It is used to indicate that something is likely to happen. </h4>
&bull; We may be late.
&bull; It may rain in the afternoon.
&bull; He may have missed the bus.
<h4>Permission a)&nbsp;It is used to ask for or give permission.</h4>
&bull; You may leave now.
&bull; May I use your phone?
<h4>b) In formal language, it is used to indicate that someone is or is not allowed to do something. </h4>
&bull; Workers may not wear jeans at work.
&bull; Students may enter the museum for free.
<h4>Polite statement It is used to politely say, ask, or suggest something. </h4>
&bull; May I ask a question?
&bull; I&rsquo;d like to add something, if I may.
<h4>Although It is used to indicate that something is true, but something else is also true. </h4>
&bull; He may be kind, but he is wrong.
&bull; He may be young, but he has a lot of experience
<h4>Hope/Wish It is used to indicate a hope or wish. </h4>
&bull; May the best man win!
&bull; &lsquo;Her mother passed away&rsquo;. &lsquo;May she rest in peace&rsquo;.
<h4>Purpose It is used to specify a purpose after conjunctions 'in order that' and&nbsp;'so that'.</h4>
&bull; I&rsquo;ll go by car so that I may get there on time.
&bull; We ought to prevent the war in order that we may live in peace.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'May' </h2>
&bull; You may be right.
&bull; That may or may not be a problem.
&bull; They may well succeed.
&bull; I may have to work late tonight.
&bull; I may not be able to come on Saturday.
&bull; He may have left while we were out.
&bull; &ldquo;May I come in?&rdquo; &ldquo;Yes, of course&rdquo;
&bull; &ldquo;May I borrow your book?&rdquo; &ldquo;No, you may not.&rdquo;
&bull; You may consider your decision again.
&bull; The project, if I may say so, was a waste of time.
&bull; May I suggest a different idea?
&bull; Economy is improving. Long may it continue to do so.
&bull; We may need to change our plans due to the weather forecast.
&bull; You may not be aware of this, but I'm allergic to peanuts.
&bull; She may have misunderstood what you said.

Comprehensive English Grammar: The Simple Past Tense 
The Simple Past Tense is used to talk about events or actions that happened and finished in the past.
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 42.5334px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Affirmative </td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They + V2 + object </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="height: 42.5334px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Negative </td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They&nbsp;+ did + not + V1 + object </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 42.5334px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Question </td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">Did&nbsp;+&nbsp;I/You/He/She/It/We/They&nbsp;+ V1 + object </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; background-color: rgb(250, 251, 252); border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example </td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form </td>
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<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I went there.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
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<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; It rained a lot.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I did not go there.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I didn't go there.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; It did not rain a lot.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">It didn't rain a lot.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+? </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">Did you go there?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Did it rain a lot?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">-? </td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Did&nbsp;you not go there?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Didn't you go there?</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Did it not rain a lot?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Didn't it rain a lot?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tbody>
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<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 1.60985%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 96.875%;">Time Expressions</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 1.60985%;">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 1.60985%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 96.875%;">yesterday; yesterday evening, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday ago; five minutes ago, an hour ago, one day ago, two months ago, years ago last; last night, last week, last year, last Friday, last summer </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
It is used to talk about events that happened and finished in the past.
・I saw her yesterday.&nbsp;
・He graduated last month.&nbsp;
・He went to France five years ago.&nbsp; 
・I learned how to ride a bike when I was six years old. 
 ☞ These events may have happened in the recent or distant past.
・Shakespeare died in 1616.&nbsp; 
・He started a new job two days ago.&nbsp; 
 ☞ These events may have been short or long-lasting.
・John lived in Germany for 5 years.&nbsp; 
・I just slept for a few hours last night.&nbsp; 
 It is used to talk about past habits or actions that happened regularly or repeatedly.
・He went abroad several times last year.&nbsp; 
・We often went to the beach on weekends.&nbsp; 
・I sometimes played football when I was in school. 
・She went camping every summer when she was young. 
 It is used to describe a series of events that happened in the past or to tell a story, fairy tale, etc. 
・He drank water, looked at me and sat down.&nbsp; 
・Once upon a time, there was a princess who lived in a magnificent castle. She...
・One night, Tom decided to write a novel. When he sat down at his desk, he heard a strange sound and... 
<h3>Notes</h3>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1.70584%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 98.2752%;">💬 The simple past tense is used as 'subject + v2 + object' in affirmative sentences, but it can also be used as 'subject + did + v1 + object' to emphasize the verb. &bull; I went there. &bull; I did go there. 💬 The simple past tense is used with interrogative pronouns as 'what/when... + did'. However, with the subject pronoun 'who' it can be used with or without 'did' - it is more common without 'did'. &bull; Who did discover America? &bull; Who discovered America?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Simple Past Tense

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'might'. 
Might is generally used to indicate a probability, ask permission, or introduce a polite statement or request. 
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative&nbsp; (subject + might + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He might be right.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + might + not + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He might not be right. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (might + subject + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Might I come in?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Probability It is used to indicate that something is likely to happen.</h4>
&bull; We might be late.
&bull; It might be dangerous to go there.
&bull; They might have missed the train.
<h4>Past tense of may a) It is used to report&nbsp;that something was said or requested in the past. </h4>
&bull; He said he might be late for the meeting.
&bull; She asked if I might help her.
<h4>b)&nbsp;It is used to specify a&nbsp;past&nbsp;purpose after conjunctions 'in order that' and&nbsp;'so that'.</h4>
&bull; I set an alarm so that I might not oversleep.
&bull; We left early in order that we might not miss the flight.
<h4>Permission It is used to politely ask permission to do something.</h4>
&bull; Might I use your phone? 
&bull; I wonder if I might be able to borrow your car?
<h4>Polite statement It is used to politely say, ask, or suggest something.</h4>
&bull; Might I ask a question?
&bull; I thought we might go out tonight.
&bull; If I might say, I think the design could be more simple.
<h4>Although It is used to indicate that something is true, but something else is also true.</h4>
&bull; He might be rich, but he is so stingy.
&bull; It might be a good idea to go there, but we don&rsquo;t have time.
<h4>Annoyance It is used to indicate that someone is concerned&nbsp;or annoyed by something. </h4>
&bull; You might at least apologize!
&bull; You might have told me you were going to be late!
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Might' </h2>
&bull; It might be true.
&bull; It might snow tomorrow. 
&bull; It might be smart to do that.
&bull; He might be able to fix the car.
&bull; Might I make a suggestion?
&bull; We might go to the park later.
&bull; We might go on holiday next month.
&bull; You might want to change the design.
&bull; I might need to borrow your umbrella.
&bull; We might have to cancel the picnic if it rains.
&bull; You might have left your keys in the car.
&bull; I thought we might go to the beach on Saturday.
&bull; He said he might help me with the project tomorrow.
&bull; It was too risky. He might have lost his job.
&bull; If we hurry, we might get there on time.
&bull; If she knew the truth, she might not do that.
&bull; If he had studied more, he might have passed the test.
&bull; I might buy a new car, but I can't be sure.
&bull; She said she might be late, but she arrived early.
&bull; It's hard to tell, but the team might win the game.
&bull; You might at least try to pass the test!
&bull; You might have asked me for my opinion before making the decision.
&bull; I'm not sure if I'll be able to finish the marathon. It might be too difficult for me.

Might

English grammar for proficiency: The Past Continuous Tense. 
The Past Continuous Tense&nbsp;is usually used to talk about events that were happening at a certain time in the past. It is not a matter of when the event in the past started and ended, but that it continued to happen in the mentioned time period. 
&bull; We started playing tennis at 3 o'clock. We stopped playing tennis at 5 o'clock. 
&bull; We were playing tennis at 4 o'clock. 
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto; width: 100.194%; height: 130.6px;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 21.5731%;"><col style="width: 78.3883%;"></colgroup>
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<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 43.5334px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Affirmative </td>
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/He/She/It + was + Ving </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">&nbsp; You/We/They&nbsp;+ were + Ving </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="height: 43.5334px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Negative </td>
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">I/He/She/It + was + not + Ving </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; You/We/They + were + not +&nbsp;Ving</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 43.5334px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; border-image: initial; --tw-border-opacity: 1; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-family: Inter, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; border: 0px solid rgba(229,231,235,var(--tw-border-opacity));"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border-image: initial; --tw-border-opacity: 1; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; color: rgb(59, 101, 129); border: 0px solid rgba(229,231,235,var(--tw-border-opacity));">Question </td>
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">Was + I/He/She/It + Ving </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Were&nbsp;+ You/We/They&nbsp; +&nbsp;Ving</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
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<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example </td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I was working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; They were working. &nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">He was not working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">He wasn't working.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; We were not working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">We weren't working.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+? </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">Was she working?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Were you working?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">-? </td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Was he not working?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Wasn't he working?</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Were we not working?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Weren't we working?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 98.3917%; border-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(250, 252, 253);" border="1">
<tbody>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">Time Expressions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">when, while, as, just as, all morning/night/afternoon (+ long), yesterday, yesterday morning/evening, this time yesterday, this time last year/month/week, yesterday at 7 o'clock, last night at 8 o'clock, at the time, at that time, from...to..., during</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
It is used to talk about events that took place at a certain time in the past. 
・&nbsp;It was raining yesterday morning.
・In 2015 they were living in Germany. 
・They were talking on the phone all night. 
・It was nine o'clock. I was doing my homework.&nbsp; 
・We were watching a movie at 9 o'clock last night. 
・This time last year, I was working in a different company.
 It is used when talking about events that continued for an unspecified period of time in the past. 
・She was sleeping. 
・He was looking for his keys.
 It is used when talking about events that took place between two time periods in the past. 
・He was studying from nine to eleven yesterday morning. 
・The workers were building the bridge between April and September. 
 The 'Past Continuous + Simple Past' structure indicates that something happened while another event in the past was ongoing. 
・When I got up, the sun was rising.
・You were sleeping when I got home. 
・My phone rang while I was having breakfast. 
 The 'Past Continuous + Past Continuous' structure indicates that two events were happening at the same time in the past.
・He was watching TV when I was reading a book.
・He was listening to music while he was working. 
・We were walking in the park as the sun was setting. 
 It is used in storytelling.
・Once upon a time, a young woman named Rachel was walking through the forest... 
・It was a beautiful summer evening. We were talking about our dreams as we were walking in the park... 
 It is used to describe changing or developing events in the past.
・The city was changing quickly.
・My English was improving.
 It is used to indicate that repetitive actions or events in the past are disturbing or excessive.
・They were always quarreling.
・She was doing yoga every day.
 Generally, stative verbs are not used in the past continuous tense.
&nbsp;✗ <del>I was knowing him</del>. &nbsp;✓ I knew him.
&nbsp;✗ <del>I was wanting to be a doctor.</del> &nbsp;✓ I wanted to be a doctor.

Past Continuous Tense

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verb 'should'. 
Should&nbsp;is the past tense of &lsquo;shall&rsquo;. It is generally used to say that something is the proper or best thing to do. It also has many other usages. 
<table>
<thead>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject&nbsp;+ should + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; I should study for the exam.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject&nbsp;+ should + not + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; You should not go out. &nbsp; &bull; You shouldn't go out. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (Should + subject&nbsp;+ V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Should I help her?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Ideal It is used to indicate something that is thought to be the right, good, or ideal thing to do. </h4>
&bull; We should be respectful to our elders.
&bull; People should be honest in their relationships. 
&bull; There should be more parking spaces in this area. 
&bull; I should call my parents to let them know I'll be late. 
<h4>Advice It is used to give a recommendation or make suggestions. </h4>
&bull; You should study for the exam. 
&bull; He should wear a jacket; it's quite cold outside. 
&bull; You shouldn't be rude to others. 
&bull; I think you should apologize for what you said.
<h4>Expectation It is used to indicate&nbsp;something&nbsp;that is expected or likely to happen. </h4>
&bull; He should be at work now. 
&bull; It should be sunny tomorrow. 
&bull; The package should arrive by Friday. 
&bull; After studying all night, you should perform well on the exam. 
&bull; The bus should arrive at the station in about 10 minutes. 
<h4>Indirect speech It is used in indirect speech in the past tense structure. </h4>
&bull; He said he should arrive by noon. 
&bull; He suggested that I should apply for the job. 
&bull; She expected that the package should be delivered yesterday.
<h4>Should have It is used to express something that we wanted to happen in the past but it did not happen. </h4>
&bull; I should have studied for the exam last night. 
&bull; They should have finished their project by now. 
&bull; You shouldn't have spoken to her like that. 
&bull; We shouldn't have gone to that party; it was boring.
<h4>Clause It is used in conditional sentences to express an assumed outcome. </h4>
&bull; If it rains, we should stay indoors.
&bull; Should you change your mind, let me know. 
&bull; In case you should have any questions, don't hesitate to ask.

Should

Present Perfect Tense

English Grammar for proficiency: The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 
The Present Perfect Progressive Tense , also known as, The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to indicate that something started in the past and continues until the moment of speaking. 
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 44.65px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Affirmative</td>
<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/We/They + have + been + Ving</td>
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<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">&nbsp; He/She/It&nbsp; + has + been + Ving</td>
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<td style="height: 44.65px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Negative</td>
<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/We/They + have + not + been + Ving </td>
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<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; He/She/It + has + not + been&nbsp;+ Ving</td>
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<td style="text-align: center; height: 44.65px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Question</td>
<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px;">Have&nbsp;+ I/You/We/They + been + Ving</td>
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<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Has&nbsp;+ He/She/It + been + Ving</td>
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<td style="width: 12.2439%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.245%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example </td>
<td style="width: 43.503%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form </td>
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<td style="width: 12.2439%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.245%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I have been working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.503%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I've been working.</td>
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<td style="width: 44.245%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; He has been working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.503%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">He's&nbsp;been working.</td>
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<td style="width: 12.2439%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td style="width: 44.245%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">You have not been working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.503%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">You haven't been working.</td>
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<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.245%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; She has not been working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.503%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">She hasn't been working.</td>
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<td style="width: 12.2439%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+? </td>
<td style="width: 44.245%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">Have they been working?&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 43.503%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
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<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.245%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Has she been working?</td>
<td style="width: 43.503%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
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<td style="width: 12.2439%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">-? </td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 44.245%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Have you not been working?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.503%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Haven't you&nbsp;been working?</td>
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<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.245%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Has he not been working?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.503%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Hasn't he&nbsp;been working?</td>
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 It is used for events that started in the past and are continuing at the moment of speaking. It is often used with adverbs: for, since and how long. 
・I have been waiting for two hours.
・He has been working since morning.
・How long has it been raining?
 It can be used for events that started in the past and are not continuing at the time of speaking. The action may have ended just before the moment of speaking, or its effect may continue at the moment of speaking. It is usually used with adverbs: recently, lately, all day, all week etc. 
・I've been working all day and I'm very tired now.
・I've been feeling very tired recently.
・You look so tired. What have you been doing?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'must'. 
Must is generally used to talk about a necessity, obligation, or strong probability. 
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + must + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; You must go now.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + must + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; You must not go now. &nbsp; &bull; You mustn't go now. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (must + subject + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Must I go now?</td>
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<h2>Usage</h2>
<h4>Necessity It is used to indicate that something is necessary or very important. </h4>
&bull; I must finish my homework.
&bull; It&rsquo;s getting dark. I really must go.
&bull;&nbsp;These flowers must be watered regularly.
<h4>Obligation It is used to indicate that something is legally or formally required. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;You must not park your car here.
&bull; You must be at least 18 years old to vote.
<h4>Strong probability It is used to indicate that something is likely or most likely true. </h4>
&bull; He must be upset about the news.
&bull; He must be tired after working all day.
&bull; She must have arrived home by now.
<h4>Recommendation It is used to recommend something that is considered good or beneficial. </h4>
&bull; You must read this book.
&bull; You must save money for the future.
<h4>Emphasis It is used with certain verbs such as 'say, admit, warn, etc.' to emphasize something. </h4>
&bull; I must say, I am quite pleased with the results.
&bull; I must admit, I didn't expect to win the competition.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Must' </h2>
&bull; I must go now.
&bull; You must be joking.
&bull; He must be at least 50. 
 &bull; There must be some mistake. 
&bull; You must stop at the red light.
&bull; You must not leave the party early.
&bull; We must finish the report by Monday.
&bull; You must take your medicine every day.
&bull; We must leave early to catch the train.
&bull; They must follow the rules of the game.
&bull; There must be a better solution to this problem.
&bull; You must have misunderstood what I said.
&bull; They must have spent a lot of money on the wedding.
&bull; They must have forgotten to invite us to the party.
&bull; He must not violate the terms of the contract.
&bull; You must admit, the view was breathtaking.
&bull; I must warn you, the exam is going to be difficult.
&bull; He must be running late, because he's not here yet.
&bull; They must be having a great time on their trip.
&bull; You must be really excited for your vacation.
&bull; We must be prepared for the worst scenario.
&bull; You must be careful when crossing the street.
&bull; You must have a driver&rsquo;s license to operate a vehicle.
&bull; I must have left my wallet at the store, because I can't find it anywhere.
&bull; There must be a mistake on the bill, because it's too high.
&bull; There must be something wrong with the car, because it's making a strange noise.

Must

What is the difference between 'present perfect tense' and 'present perfect continuous tense'? Usages of 'present perfect tense' and 'present perfect continuous tense'. 
The&nbsp;present perfect continuous tense is used to indicate events that started in the past and continue until the moment of speaking, especially temporary or short-term situations.

・He has been waiting for two hours.

・He has been working too much recently. 
・It has been raining since yesterday morning. 
・How long have you been reading that book?

・I have been living with my friend for two weeks. 
・He has been working from home due to the pandemic.
 The present perfect tense is preferred to express permanent or long-lasting situations that started in the past and continue until the moment of speaking.



・She has lived in France all her life. 


・He has worked at the same company since 2000. 

・The church has stood in this location for 200 years. 

 Stative verbs are not used with the present perfect continuous tense. 


✗ <s>I have been knowing him for a long time.</s> ✓ I have known him for a long time.

✗ <s>He has been being busy all day.</s> ✓ He has been busy all day.
✗ <s>How long have you been having your car?</s> ✓ How long have you had your car? 
 The present perfect continuous tense is used to indicate an event that started in the past, ended before the moment of speaking, and has an&nbsp;ongoing effect. 
・He is tired because he has been working hard today. 
・Why are your eyes red? Have you been crying? 
・Your hands are dirty. What have you been doing? 
 The present perfect tense is used to indicate an event that happened in the past and has a result now. 
・I&rsquo;ve lost my keys. I can't get in. 
・I have cleaned the kitchen. It's clean now. 
・I can't play football because I have broken my leg.
 The present perfect tense is used to indicate how many times or how many actions have been done. The following expressions are commonly used in this case: 'how many, how many times, how much, always, never, ever, sometimes, once, twice, several times', which indicate frequency or quantity. 
・We have seen that movie twice. 
・She has always wanted to visit Italy. 
・How many pages have you read so far? 
 The present perfect tense is used to indicate that an action has been completed, and the present perfect continuous tense is used to indicate that an action continues. The adverbs 'just, already, yet' are not used with the present perfect continuous tense as they indicate a completed action. 
・I haven't finished the report yet. 
・They have just arrived at the airport.

'Present Perfect Tense' and 'Present Perfect Continuous Tense'

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'ought to'. 
Ought to is generally used to talk about a necessity, expectation, or moral obligation.&nbsp;The usage of 'ought to' is very similar to 'should'.
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative&nbsp;(subject + ought&nbsp;+ to + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; We ought to be careful.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative&nbsp;(subject + ought + not + to&nbsp;+ V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; You ought not to be late. &nbsp; &bull; You oughtn't to be late. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (ought + subject + to&nbsp;+ V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Ought I to come early?</td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Righteousness It is used to indicate that doing something is right, necessary, or morally obligated. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;We ought to help her.
&bull;&nbsp;Drivers oughtn't to exceed the speed limit.
&bull;&nbsp;We ought to be more respectful towards others.
&bull;&nbsp;He ought to have listened to his teacher&rsquo;s advice.
<h4>Expectation It is used to indicate an expectation or that something is possible. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;This movie ought to be good.
&bull;&nbsp;The journey ought to take about 4 hours.
&bull;&nbsp;They ought to have arrived by now.
&bull;&nbsp;He has worked all day. He ought to be tired.
<h4>Advice It is used to give advice or make a suggestion. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;You ought to read this book.
&bull;&nbsp;You ought to eat more fruits.
&bull;&nbsp;You ought to have come to the party. It was amusing.

Ought To

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'would'. 
Would&nbsp;is generally used as the past tense of will or to ask for something politely. It also has many other usages.
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + would + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; He would come early.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + would + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; He would not come early. &nbsp; &bull; He wouldn't come early. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (would + subject + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Would you like coffee?</td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>1. It is used to offer or ask for something politely. </h4>
&bull; Would you like more tea?
&bull; Would you mind waiting a moment?
&bull; Would you open the window, please?
<h4>2. It is used as the past tense of 'will'. </h4>
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<td>&nbsp;will</td>
<td>would</td>
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<td>&nbsp;&bull; He will come early.</td>
<td>&bull; He would come early. </td>
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<td>&nbsp;&bull; He says he will help me.</td>
<td>&bull; He said he would help me.</td>
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<h4>3. It is used to indicate a situation that is possible but unrealized or imagined. </h4>
&bull; You would see her if you came early.
&bull; She&rsquo;d look better with black hair.
&bull; It would be a shame to miss the event.
<h4>4. It is used to indicate an unrealized situation that is not possible to happen.</h4>
☞ This usage is always used with the 'would have + V3' structure. &bull; I would have called you, but I wasn&rsquo;t free.
&bull; If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
<h4>5. It is used to indicate something that is intended to happen. </h4>
☞&nbsp;This usage is usually used with&nbsp;'I wish' or 'If only'. &bull; I wish he would be here. 
&bull; If only I would listen to my father.
<h4>6. It is used to give advice or ask for advice from someone else. </h4>
&bull; If I were you, I would not do that. 
&bull; What would you do in my situation?
<h4>7. It is used to express a feeling, desire, etc. </h4>
☞ The following words are commonly used in this case:&nbsp;Would like, love, prefer, hate, etc. &bull; I would love a coffee.
&bull; I would hate to be late.
<h4>&nbsp;8. It is used to express an opinion on a subject that one is not sure about. </h4>
☞ The following words are commonly used in this case:&nbsp;Would imagine, say, think, etc. &bull; I&rsquo;d say he is about forty.
&bull; I would think that he was telling the truth. 
<h4>9. It is used to indicate a situation that happened or was done frequently in the past.</h4>
☞&nbsp;This usage is synonymous with 'used to'. &bull; Every morning we would walk in the park.
&bull; When we were away, she would look after our dog.
<h4>10. It is used to indicate why someone does something.</h4>
☞&nbsp;This usage is used with 'so that' veya 'in order that'. &bull; He saved money so that he would buy a car.
&bull; I left early in order that I would arrive on time.

Would

What is the difference between 'present perfect tense' and 'simple past tense'? Usages of 'present perfect tense' and 'simple past tense'.
The present perfect tense is used to indicate an event that started in the past and still continues or has a result now. The simple past tense is used to indicate an event that started and ended in the past. 

・I have lived in Germany for five years. (I still live in Germany.) 

・I lived in Germany for five years.&nbsp;(I no longer live in Germany.) 


・I washed the car, but now it's dirty again. 
・I have washed the car. It's clean now. 
・I met her at the party, but I have forgotten his name.
 Words that indicate a specific period of time, such as 'yesterday, last week, two days ago', are only used with the simple past tense. 


・I didn't see him yesterday.

・It was very cold last night.

・He arrived twenty minutes ago.

・When did you finish your homework?

・I lived in France&nbsp;when I was a child.

・What time did you have your dinner?
 With the expressions 'today, this morning, this week, this month, this year', the simple past tense is used when talking about a finished time period, and the present perfect tense is used when talking about an unfinished time period. 


・I haven't drunk coffee this morning. (The morning continues - I can still drink coffee.) 

・I didn't drink coffee this morning.&nbsp;(The morning is over - I can drink coffee in the afternoon.) 
 If 'before' is used with the present perfect tense, it emphasizes a past experience; and with the simple past tense, it emphasizes the past. 


&bull; I have read this book before.&nbsp;(Experience - emphasizes that I have read the book.) 

&bull; I read this book before.&nbsp;(Past - emphasizes that I read it before.) 
 The adverbs 'already, yet, just' are generally used with the present perfect tense. But in American English, especially in spoken language, the simple past tense is preferred. 


・He has already left. ・He already left. (American)

・I haven't finished yet. ・I didn't finish yet.&nbsp;(American)

・He has just arrived. ・He just arrived. (American)

'Present Perfect Tense' and 'Simple Past Tense'

English Grammar for proficiency: The Past Perfect Tense
As a general rule, the Past Perfect Tense&nbsp;is used to indicate that an event that happened in the past occurred before another event or time period in the past.
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 42.5334px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Affirmative</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/We/They/He/She/It + had + V3</td>
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<td style="height: 42.5334px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Negative</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/We/They/He/She/It + had + not + V3 </td>
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<td style="text-align: center; height: 42.5334px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Question</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">Had + I/You/We/They/He/She/It + V3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example </td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form</td>
</tr>
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<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I had gone.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I'd gone.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; They had gone.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">They'd gone.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">She had not&nbsp;gone.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">She hadn't gone.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; You had not gone. &nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">You hadn't gone.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+? </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">Had you gone?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Had he gone?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">-? </td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Had they not gone?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Hadn't they gone?</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Had&nbsp;he not gone?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Hadn't he gone?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage</h2>
It is used to indicate that an event that happened in the past occurred before a time period in the past.

・He had moved to Germany before 2010.

・He had bought a car by the time he was 20.

・I had never gone abroad until last week.
 It is used to indicate that one of two events happened before the other in the past. 


・We went out after the rain had stopped.

・He had visited me before he went on holiday. 

・He had arrived when you called.

・He was unhappy because he had failed the exam.

・I didn't hear anything. Had he said something? 
<h3>Notes</h3>

<table style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 250); border-collapse: collapse; border-width: 0px;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">☞ 'Simple past + when + simple past' indicates that two events happened at the same time, 'past perfect + when + simple past' indicates that one action occurred before the other. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">The rain stopped when I went out. (The rain stopped the moment I went outside.) The rain had stopped when I went out. (The rain stopped before we went out.) </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 250); border-collapse: collapse;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>☞ 'When + past perfect + simple past' is used to indicate that an event happened just before something else. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>When I had finished my work, I called her. (He called her as soon as he finished work.) My work had finished when I called her. (The work was done before calling her.)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="background-color: rgb(255, 250, 250); border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 0.94697%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 99.053%;">☞  Before can be used with both 'past perfect' and 'simple past', as in the examples below. Although both sentences have the same meaning, the sentence used with the past perfect tense has more emphasis. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 0.94697%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 99.053%;">I arrived before Tom had left. I arrived before Tom left.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Past Perfect Tense

English Grammar for proficiency: The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
The Past Perfect Continuous tense is another English tense we use when talking about the past. As a general rule, it is used to indicate an event that started in the past, continued for a while, and finished before another event that happened in the past. 
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 129.7px; border-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 26.2559%;"><col style="width: 73.7441%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.325px;">
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 44.65px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Affirmative</td>
<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They&nbsp;+ had + been + Ving</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 42.525px;">
<td style="height: 42.525px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Negative</td>
<td style="height: 42.525px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They + had + not + been&nbsp;+ Ving </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 42.525px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 42.525px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Question</td>
<td style="height: 42.525px; border-width: 1px;">Had + I/You/He/She/It/We/They&nbsp;+ been + Ving</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.568%; height: 330.8px; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 235, 239);" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; background-color: rgb(250, 251, 252); border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I had been working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I'd been working.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp; He had been working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">He'd been working.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">You had not been working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">You hadn't been working.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; We had not been working.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">We hadn't been working.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+? </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">Had they been working?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Had she been working?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">-? </td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Had&nbsp;you not been working?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Hadn't you &nbsp;been working?</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Had&nbsp;he not been working?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Hadn't&nbsp;he&nbsp;been working?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage</h2>
It is used to indicate that an event started in the past, continued for some time in the past, and finished before a certain time period in the past.
・He had been drinking water when I came in.

・I had been waiting for an hour&nbsp;when they arrived.

・The ground was wet. It had been raining for hours.

・She had been doing yoga everyday before she broke her leg.
・I'd been living in Paris for three years when we got divorced.
・By the time I got there, they had been playing for 10 minutes.
・I was tired&nbsp;because I had been standing for a long time.
・He was a great singer. He had been singing ever since he was 7.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

English Grammar for proficiency: The Simple Future Tense.
The Simple Future Tense is a tense used to express events or actions that will take place in the future. It is usually used to indicate predictions, facts or immediate decisions about the future. 
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 127.6px; border-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 26.2559%;"><col style="width: 73.7441%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 42.5334px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Affirmative</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will + V1</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="height: 42.5334px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Negative</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They&nbsp;+ will + not + V1 </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 42.5334px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Question</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/They&nbsp;+ V1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.568%; height: 330.8px; border: 1px solid #E6EBEF;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; background-color: rgb(250, 251, 252); border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I will go.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I'll go.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; He will go.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">He'll go.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">She will not go.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">She won't go.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; They will not go.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">They won't go.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+? </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">Will you go?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Will we go?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">-? </td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Will you not&nbsp;go?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Won't you go?</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Will you not&nbsp;go?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Won't he go?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
1. It is used to indicate an action that is decided to be done at the moment of speaking. 
・I am very thirsty. I will drink water.&nbsp;
・Someone is at the door. I'll go and open it.
・It's too hot today. I think I will go for a swim. 
・What would you like to drink? I will have coffee, please. 
 2. It is used to express a prediction about the future, usually with the words 'think, guess, expect, believe, wonder, sure, probably, perhaps'. 
・I think I'll be late tonight. 
・I wonder what will happen.
・I'm sure you'll pass the exam.
・It will probably rain tomorrow.
・I don't think the party will be fun.
 3. It is used to indicate a fact about the future or an event that is expected to happen. 
・Winter will come again. 
・He'll be a father soon. 
・He will turn 18 next week. 
・The train will arrive at 10:30.
・The sun will rise at 6:00 tomorrow morning.
 4. It is used when making an offer or request. 
・Will you marry me?
・Will you join us for lunch?
・Will you please close the door?
・Will you have another slice of cake?
・That box looks heavy. I'll help you carry it.
 5. It is used to express a promise or determination about the future. 
・I will never give up.
・I promise, I&rsquo;ll help you. 
・I will finish this project by tomorrow.
・I know it is a secret. I won't tell anyone.
<h3>Shall</h3>
"Shall" was often used in the past to express future events or actions instead of 'will'. Although it is less common than in the past, it continues to be used in some cases today. 
 It is used with the subjects 'I' and 'we' when making a suggestion or offer. It expresses a more emphatic meaning compared to 'will'. 
・Shall we go for a walk?
・Shall I open the window?
 It is used with the subjects 'I' and 'we' to indicate a feeling, intention or promise. It has a more formal meaning compared to 'will'. 
・I shall call you tomorrow.
・I shall be glad to help you. 
・I shall never forget your kindness.
 It is used in formal language to indicate a future event, obligation or order. 
・The committee shall meet once a month.
・The tenant shall pay the rent on the first of every month.

Simple Future Tense 'Will/Shall'

Be Going To

What is the difference between 'will' and 'going to'? Uses of 'will' and 'going to'.
'Will' and 'Going to' both refer to the future tense. Although they are often used interchangeably, their meanings are different. 
<h2>Usage</h2>

<h4>Will</h4>
1.&nbsp;It is used to indicate an action that is decided to be done at the moment of speaking.
・Someone is at the door. I&rsquo;ll go and open it.
・I'm very thirsty. I will drink water. 
・It's too hot today. I think I will go for a swim.
&nbsp; 2. It is used to express a prediction about the future, often with the verbs 'think, guess, expect, believe, wonder' or the adverbs 'sure, probably, perhaps'. 
・I will probably be late tonight.
・I think he&rsquo;ll pass the exam.
・I wonder what will happen.
&nbsp; 3.&nbsp;It is used to indicate a fact about the future.
・Winter will come again.
・He&rsquo;ll be a father soon.
・He will turn 18 next week. 
&nbsp; 4. It is used when making an offer or request. 
・Will you join us for lunch? 
・Will you have another slice of cake?
・That box looks heavy. I'll help you carry it.
 5. It is used to express a promise or resolution. 
・I will never give up.
・I promise, I&rsquo;ll help you. 
・I will finish this project by tomorrow.
<h4>Be Going to</h4>
1. It is used to express a prediction that we believe will happen in the future, based on evidence or indication. 
・The weather is cloudy. It&rsquo;s going to rain.
・Look out! You&rsquo;re going to fall down.
・He's going to win the race; he's been training hard for months.
&nbsp; 2. It is used to indicate a decision, plan, or intention regarding the future. 
・I&rsquo;m going to buy a new car.
・What are you going to do this weekend?
・I'm going to study medicine after I finish high school.
<h2>Comparison </h2>
<h4>Prediction </h4>
Both 'will' and 'going to' can be used when talking about a prediction about the future or reporting an event that we think will happen in the future. Generally, 'going to' is preferred in spoken language and 'will' is preferred in written language. 
・I think it will rain soon. ・I think it's going to rain soon.
・She will be a famous writer one day. ・She's going to be a famous writer one day.
・House prices will increase next year.&nbsp; ・House prices are going to increase next year. 
 If the prediction about the future is based on evidence or indication, 'going to' is preferred; if it is based on one's own experiences or ideas, 'will' is preferred. 
・Mia has been studying all night. She's going to ace the exam.
・Mia is a hard-working student. I'm sure she will ace the exam.
・The traffic is terrible. We're going to be late for the meeting.
・He will probably be late for the meeting, as usual.
<h4>Decision </h4>
'Will' is used to indicate a decision taken at the moment of speaking, and 'going to' is used to indicate a decision taken before the moment of speaking. 
・I've decided. I'm going to buy a new phone. 
・I can't find my keys. I will check the living room.
・&lsquo;Tom got sick.&rsquo; &lsquo;I didn&rsquo;t know. I&rsquo;ll go and visit him.&rsquo;
・&lsquo;Tom got sick.&rsquo; &lsquo;I know. I'm going to visit him tomorrow.&rsquo;

'Will' and 'Be Going To'

English Grammar for proficiency: Usage of future continuous tense 'will + be + Ving'. 
The Future Continuous Tense is used to talk about events that we think will continue to happen in the future. It is used less frequently than 'will' and 'going to'. It is preferred to emphasize that the future event will continue for some time.
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 127.6px; border-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 26.2559%;"><col style="width: 73.7441%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 42.5334px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Affirmative </td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will + be + Ving</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="height: 42.5334px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Negative</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They&nbsp;+ will + not + be + Ving </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 42.5334px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Question</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + be + Ving</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.568%; height: 330.8px; border: 1px solid #E6EBEF;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; background-color: rgb(250, 251, 252); border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td>I will be sleeping.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I'll be sleeping.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; He will&nbsp;be sleeping.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">He'll&nbsp;be sleeping.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td>She will not be sleeping.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">She won't&nbsp;be sleeping.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; They will not&nbsp;be sleeping.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">They won't&nbsp;be sleeping.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+? </td>
<td>Will you be sleeping?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Will we be sleeping?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">-? </td>
<td>Will you not be sleeping?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Won't you be sleeping?</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Will you not be sleeping?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Won't he be sleeping?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
It is used when we talk about events that we think will happen at a certain time in the future.
・We will be having dinner when you arrive. 
・By 2040, most people will be using electric cars. 
・She will be taking the bus to work every morning next week. 
 It is used to talk about planned&nbsp;future events that will take place at a specific time. 
・I will be working on the project all morning. 
・This time next year, I will be traveling around Europe.
 It is used when when politely asking about a person's plans. 
・Will you be attending the meeting tomorrow?
・What will you be doing at 8 o'clock tonight?

Future Continuous Tense

English Grammar for proficiency: future perfect tense.
The Future Perfect Tense is used to talk about events that will be completed by a certain point in time in the future. 
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 127.6px; border-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 26.2559%;"><col style="width: 73.7441%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 42.5334px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Affirmative</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will + have + V3</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="height: 42.5334px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Negative</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will + not + have + V3 </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 42.5334px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Question</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + have + V3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.568%; height: 330.8px; border: 1px solid #E6EBEF;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; background-color: rgb(250, 251, 252); border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example </td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td>I will have gone.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I'll have gone.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; He will have gone.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">He'll have gone.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td>She will not have gone.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">She won't have gone.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; They will not have gone.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">They won't have gone.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+? </td>
<td>Will you have gone?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Will we have gone?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">-? </td>
<td>Will you not have gone?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Won't you have gone?</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Will we not have gone?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Won't we have gone?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 98.3917%; border-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(250, 252, 253);" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">Time Expressions </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">by, by this time, by the time, by next week, by next month, by next year, by the end of, by then, in, in a week's time, in five months' time, in four years' time, when </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage</h2>
It is used when talking about events that we think will be completed before a certain time in the future.
・They will have arrived by the time the party starts. 
・By next week, I will have finished the report. 
・He will have graduated from university by next year. 
・In two years' time, they will have renovated the entire house. 
・By the end of the day, he will have fixed the broken appliance. 
・He's coming next week. I'll have finished repairing the car by then. 
・By this time next week, he will have traveled to five different countries.

Future Perfect Tense

English Grammar for proficiency: The Future&nbsp;Perfect Continuous Tense
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to describe actions that will continue until a point in time in the future.&nbsp; 
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 127.6px; border-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 26.2559%;"><col style="width: 73.7441%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 42.5334px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Affirmative</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will + have + been + Ving</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="height: 42.5334px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Negative</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They + will + not + have + been + Ving </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 42.5334px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Question</td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">Will + I/You/He/She/It/We/They + have + been + Ving </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.568%; height: 330.8px; border: 1px solid #E6EBEF;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; background-color: rgb(250, 251, 252); border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td>I will have been sleeping.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I'll have been sleeping.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; He will have been sleeping.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">He'll havebeen sleeping.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td>She will not have been sleeping.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">She won't have&nbsp;been sleeping.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; They will not have been sleeping.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">They won't have been sleeping.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+? </td>
<td>Will you have been sleeping?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Will we have been sleeping?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">-? </td>
<td>Will you not have been sleeping?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Won't you have been sleeping?</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Will we not have been sleeping?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Won't we have been sleeping?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 98.3917%; border-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(250, 252, 253);" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 0.962464%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 99.0375%;">Time Expressions </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 0.962464%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 99.0375%;">by, for, by the time,&nbsp;when, by next week, by next month, by next year, by the end of, in </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
It is used when talking about events or actions that started in the past and will continue until a certain time in the future.
・He will have been waiting for us. 
・By next year, she will have been studying French for five years. 
・We will have been expecting for nine months when the baby is born. 
・In two years, I will have been teaching at this school for a decade. 
・By the end of the day, I will have been waiting for her for two hours.
・Next year, they will have been developing the software for three years.
・How long will she have been studying French by the end of next year? 
・By the time he retires, he will have been working at the company for 30 years.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Question words in English, explanations, usages and example sentences.
In English, question words are used to ask questions about various types of information.
<h4>What</h4>
Used when asking for information about something.
・What is this?
・What is your name?
・What are you doing?
<h4>Which</h4>
Used to choose between options.
・Which car is yours?
・Which book did you read?
<h4>Why</h4>
Used to get information about the reason or purpose of something.
・Why are you late?
・Why are you learning English?
<h4>Where&nbsp;</h4>
Used to get information about a location.
・Where are you?
・Where do you live?
<h4>When</h4>
Used to get information about time.
・When is your birthday?
・When did you arrive?
<h4>Who</h4>
Used to obtain information about people.
・Who are you?
・Who won the game?
・Who knows the answer to this question?
<h4>Whom</h4>
Used to get information about people. Used only in official language.
・Whom did you see at the concert?
・Whom did you invite to the party?
<h4>Whose</h4>
Used to ask who owns something.
・Whose is this?
・Whose coat is this?
<h4>How</h4>
Used to get information about a method or situation.
・How are you?
・How can I get to the station?
・How did you solve the problem?
<h4>how many</h4>
Used to get information about the quantity or number of something.
・How many apples are there in the basket?
・How many hours do you work each day?
・How many times have you visited Paris?
・How many people are coming to the party?
<h4>how much</h4>
Used to get information about the price or quantity of something.
・How much is this shirt?
・How much does this shirt cost?
・How much water is there in the bottle?
・How much money do you have on you?
<h4>how old</h4>
Used to get information about the age of a person or thing.
・How old are you?
・How old is your brother?
・How old is this building?
・How old is the tradition of Thanksgiving?
<h4>how far</h4>
Used to get information about the distance of something.
・How far is it to the beach?
・How far is it from London to Paris?
・How far can you walk in an hour?
・How far did you run this morning?
・How far is your office from home?
・How far are you serious about this?
<h4>how long&nbsp;</h4>
Used to get information about the length or duration of something.
・How long is this movie?
・How long have you been waiting?
・How long is the bridge?
・How long will the meeting last?
・How long will it take to finish this project?
・How long is the flight to Tokyo?
・How long has it been since you last saw him?
<h4>how tall</h4>
Used to get information about the height of something or the height of a person.
・How tall are you?
・How tall is that statue?
・How tall is Mount Everest?
・How tall do sunflowers grow?
<h4>how big</h4>
Used to get information about the size of something.
・How big is your house?
・How big is your company?
<h4>how often</h4>
Used to ask how frequently something happens or is done.
・How often do you play tennis?
・How often are exams held in this course?
<h3>Subject - Object Questions </h3>
Question words can be used as the subject and object of a sentence. When used as a subject, the question word is not followed by an auxiliary verb (do/does/did).
・Who is calling?
・What happened?
・Which is better?
・Whose keys are on the table?
 When used as an object, the question word is followed by the auxiliary verb and then the subject (Question word + auxiliary verb + subject). 
・What did you buy?
・Who are you calling?
・Which book did you read?
・Whose jacket did you borrow?
 'Whom' is used only as the object of the sentence. 
・Whom are you calling? 
<h3>Using Prepositions </h3>
If the question words 'who, what, where, which' are used with a preposition, the preposition is usually placed at the end of the sentence.
・Where are you from?
・What are you talking about?
・Which hotel are you staying at?
・Who did you send the email to?
 If 'whom' is used with a preposition, the preposition is usually placed at the beginning of the sentence. 
・To whom did you send the email?
<h3>What / Which</h3>
Both what and which can be used when asking about something. What is preferred when there are uncertain or many options, and which is preferred when there are limited or specific options.
・What is the capital of Germany?
・Which is the capital of Germany - Berlin or Munich?
・What is your favorite colour?
・There are six books on the table. Which is yours?
<h4>what + noun</h4>
・What time is it?
・What colour is the sky?
・What day is your birthday?
・What book are you reading?
・What size shoes do you wear?
<h4>which + noun</h4>
・Which color do you prefer?
・Which movie do you want to watch?
・Which key opens this door?
<h4>what kind of</h4>
The phrases 'what kind of, what sort of, what type of' are used when asking about the kind, variety or type of something. When asking a general question, what is preferred when there are uncertain or many options, and which is preferred when there are limited or specific options.
・What kind of books do you read?
・What kind of music do you listen to?
・What sort of job are you looking for?
・What type of car do you want to buy?
・Which kind of coffee do you prefer, espresso or latte?
・Which sort of music do you prefer, classical or jazz?
<h4>what... like?</h4>
It is used when asking about the appearance, quality or how a person or thing is. It is preferred especially in spoken language.
・What is it like?
・What is the city of Paris like?
・What is the weather like there?
・What is the new teacher like?
<h4>what... for</h4>
Used to get information about the reason or purpose of something.
・What is the meeting for?
・What do you need money for?
<h4>which one</h4>
In some cases, which can be used with 'one, ones'. It is usually preferred to point out or emphasize the option(s) mentioned.
・We have blue and green shirts. Which one do you prefer?
・There are many books on the shelf. Which ones have you read? 
<h4>which of</h4>
It is used to talk about options within a particular group.
・Which of the movies on this list have you seen?
・Which of your friends are coming to the party?
・Which one of these paintings is your favorite?
 If a singular person or thing is meant with 'which', the singular verb is used. If a plural noun is meant with 'which', the plural verb is used. 
・Which is your book?
・Which are your books?
・Which of these books is yours?
・Which of these books are yours?
<h3>Complex Questions</h3>
When using question words in the middle of a sentence, the auxiliary verb and the subject change places.
・Where is Tom? 
・Do you know where Tom is? 
・When will we arrive? 
・I&rsquo;m not sure when we will arrive. 
・Which book are you reading? 
・Can you show me which book you&rsquo;re reading? 
・How can we solve this problem? 
・I wonder how we can solve this problem. 
・Why did he leave early? 
・I don't know why he left early. 
・How does it work? 
・Can you tell me how it works?

Question Words

The Definite Article 'The'

Usage of 'prefer' / 'would prefer' in English. 
The verb&nbsp;prefer and the phrase would prefer both refer to choosing one thing rather than another, but they differ in terms of their uses and some nuances.
<h3>Prefer</h3>
"Prefer" is used to express a general preference. It expresses that one situation is generally preferred over another. The verb prefer can be followed by a noun, 'to + verb' or 'verb + -ing'.
Structure: Subject + prefer + (to + verb) or (verb + ing) or noun ('Verb + ing' is used more than 'to + verb'.) 
<div data-breakout="normal">
・I prefer coffee in the morning.
</div>
<div data-breakout="normal">
・I prefer to drink coffee in the morning.
</div>
<div data-breakout="normal">
・I prefer drinking coffee in the morning.
・He prefers not to work on weekends. 
・Do you prefer classical music or pop music?
 When expressing a choice between two things, 'to' is usually used, although 'rather than' or 'over' can also be used.
・I prefer dogs to cats.
・I prefer summer over winter.
・She prefers reading to watching TV. 
・He prefers working alone rather than in a team.
・Does she prefer to work from home rather than go to the office?
</div>
<h3 data-hook="rcv-block45">Would prefer</h3>
<div data-hook="rcv-block45">
It is used to show preference in a certain situation. It expresses a preference at the moment of speaking or in the future. It is a more polite expression than the verb 'prefer'. It can be followed by a noun or 'to + verb'.
Structure: Subject + prefer + (to + verb) or noun 
・She would prefer tea. 
・She would prefer&nbsp; to drink tea. 
・I would prefer to stay at home tonight. 
・We would prefer to go by train.
・I would prefer to leave early if possible.
・Would you prefer a red or blue shirt? 
・I would prefer to go to the cinema tonight.
・We would prefer not to make any big decisions today.
 'Rather than' is used when expressing a choice between two things.
・He would prefer coffee rather than tea. 
・They would prefer to visit us tomorrow rather than today.
・She would prefer to walk to work rather than taking the bus. 
 'Instead of' can be used with both.
・I prefer cooking at home instead of eating out.
・I would prefer to read a book instead of watching TV tonight.
</div>
<div data-breakout="normal">
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'Prefer' and 'Would prefer'

In English, stative verbs are used to indicate a state, not an action. These verbs are often used to talk about a state of mind, emotion, perception, or possession. Stative verbs are not usually used in the progressive form (with -ing) because they do not indicate an action. 
<h4>Most Used Stative Verbs </h4>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">Mental states: understand, know, believe, desire, doubt, remember, wish, realize, recognize, suppose, prefer Emotional states: love, like, dislike, hate, fear, need, want, astonish, care, envy, mind, please, surprise Possession: have, belong, owe, own, possess Senses: feel, taste, smell, see, hear, look, appear, seem Others: be, contain, cost, deserve, equal, exist, involve, lack, matter, perceive, promise, resemble &nbsp;</td>
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<h2>Non-Progressive Usage </h2>
Since most stative verbs do not have the '-ing' suffix, the simple present tense is used to talk about a situation at the moment of speaking, not the present continuous tense. 
✓ I know John. ✗ <del>I&rsquo;m knowing</del> John. 
✓&nbsp;I want to drink water. ✗ <del>I&rsquo;m wanting</del> to drink water. 
✓ I don't understand you. ✗ <del>I&rsquo;m not understanding</del> you. 
✓ I will be there, I promise.&nbsp; ✗ I will be there,&nbsp;<del>I&rsquo;m promise.</del> 
✓ I agree with you. ✗ I <s>am agreing</s> with you. 
<h2>Progressive and&nbsp;Non-Progressive Usage </h2>
In English, some verbs can be used to indicate both an action and a state. Generally, the meanings of these verbs are different from each other. Stative meaning is used in non-progressive form, and active meaning is used in progressive form. 
<h3>Have</h3>
Here are some usages where have indicates both action and state. 
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<td style="height: 19.6px;">State </td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">Action </td>
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<td style="height: 215.6px;">have a car have a house have money have a friend have black hair have a right have a chance</td>
<td style="height: 215.6px;">have breakfast have tea have a shower have a holiday have a break have a word have a good time</td>
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When the verb 'have' indicates possession, it is not used in the progressive form. 
&bull; I have a red car. 
&bull; I don't have any money. 
 When the verb 'have' indicates&nbsp;an action, it can be used in the progressive form. 
&bull; We're having breakfast now. 
&bull; I'm having a good time here. 
<h3>Be</h3>
The structure 'be + adjective' is used to describe a person. 
&bull; She is very lazy. 
&bull; He is a rude man. 
 The structure 'being + adjective' is used to indicate the behavior of a person at the moment of speaking. 
&bull; She is being lazy. 
&bull; He is being rude to me. 
 Some adjectives are not used in the 'being + adjective' structure as they will not change regardless of the moment of speaking. 
✓ He is old.&nbsp; ✗ <del>He is being old.</del> 
<h3>Think</h3>
If 'think' is used in the non-progressive form, it indicates that the person has an idea or belief - a state; if it is used in the progressive form, it indicates the process of thinking - an action.
&bull; I think you are right. 
&bull; I am thinking of you. 
<h3>Taste</h3>
If 'taste' is used in the non-progressive form, it indicates that something has a taste - a state; if it is used in the progressive form, it indicates&nbsp;the process of&nbsp;tasting something - an action. 
&bull; The food tastes delicious. 
&bull; He is tasting the food. 
<h3>Smell</h3>
If 'smell' is used in the&nbsp;non-progressive form, it indicates that something has a smell - a state; if it is used in the&nbsp;progressive form, it indicates&nbsp;the process of smelling something - an action. 
&bull; The rose smells nice. 
&bull; She is smelling the rose. 
<h3>See</h3>
If 'see' is used in the non-progressive form, it indicates understanding or seeing something - a state, if it is used in the&nbsp;progressive form, it indicates meeting someone - an action. 
&bull; I see what you mean. 
&bull; I'm seeing my friend tomorrow. 
<h3>Look&amp;Feel</h3>
The verbs 'look' and 'feel' can be used in both non-progressive and progressive forms. Although the meanings are the same, if the the progressive form is used, the moment of speaking is emphasized. 
&bull; You look awful.&nbsp; &bull; You're looking awful. 
&bull; I feel sick.&nbsp; &bull; I'm feeling sick.

Stative Verbs

Usage of 'like' / 'would like' in English. 
"Like" and "would like" are used to express a preference or desire, but the ways they are used are different. 
<h3>Like</h3>
"Like" is used to express that we love or appreciate something. It expresses a general preference or taste. It is synonymous with the words 'enjoy' and 'love'.
Structure: like + (verb + ing) or (to + verb) or noun (When describing activities, the verb &ldquo;like&rdquo; is usually followed by a verb in the &ldquo;-ing&rdquo; form.) 
・I like pizza.
・I don't like him.
・She likes reading books.
・They like going to the beach.
・I don&rsquo;t like getting up early.
・Do you like traveling by train? 
<h3>Would like</h3>
"Would like" means to ask for or desire something in a polite way. It is usually used to indicate a request, offer or desire. It is synonymous with the word 'want', but has a more polite meaning. It is used in the short form&nbsp;'d like'.
Structure: would like + (to + verb) or noun
・I would like a cup of tea. 
・I&rsquo;d like to learn Spanish.
・Would you like some coffee?
・He would like to travel to Japan. 
・Would he like some water?
・We would like to order dessert now.
・What would you like to do tomorrow? 
Summary
Like is used for general preferences or likes, while would like is used for specific and polite requests, desires or offers.
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<td style="border-width: 0px; padding: 10px;">Like</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; padding: 10px;">Would like</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px; padding: 10px;">General liking I like tea.</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; padding: 10px;">Current request I would like a cup of tea.</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px; padding: 10px;">General liking He likes to travel.</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; padding: 10px;">Future desire He would like to visit Paris someday.</td>
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'Like' and 'Would like'

Elementary English grammar for beginners: Have / have got.&nbsp; 
Have is a verb used to indicate possession. 'Have' is used with singular and plural pronouns (I, you, we, they) and 'has' with the 3rd person singular&nbsp;pronouns (he, she, it).&nbsp;'Have got' and 'have' mean the same thing. 'Have got' is more commonly used in British English. 
<h4>Affirmative </h4>
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">I You We They </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">have have got </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">&bull; I have money. &bull; I have got money. &bull; I've got money. </td>
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">He She It</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">has has got </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">&bull; He has money. &bull; He has got money. &bull; He's got money. </td>
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<h4>Negative </h4>
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I You We They
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle;">do + not + have have + not + got </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">&bull; I do not have money. &bull; I have not got money. &bull; I don't have money. &bull; I haven't got money. </td>
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He She It
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle;">does + not + have has + not + got </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">&bull; He does not have money. &bull; He has not got money. &bull; He doesn't have money. &bull; He hasn't got money </td>
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<h2>Example Sentences </h2>
&bull; I&nbsp;have a cat. 
&bull; He has got a dog. 
&bull; We don't have a cat. 
&bull; She hasn't got a dog. 
&bull; He has a sister. 
&bull; John has got a car. 
&bull; I don't have a job now. 
&bull; I have got a lot of work to do today. 
&bull; The house has a swimming pool. 
&bull; The cat has beautiful eyes. 
&bull; She has got a talent for drawing. 
&bull; She has got a lot of friends. 
&bull; We have got a problem with the printer. 
<h4>Question </h4>
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 78.4px;">Do</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 78.4px;">I You We They</td>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 78.4px;">have</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 78.4px;">&bull; Do you have money? </td>
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">Does</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">He She It</td>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">have</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">&bull; Does he have money? </td>
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Have</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">I You We They</td>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">got</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Have you got money? </td>
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Has</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">He She It</td>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">got</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Has he got money? </td>
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<h2>Question-Answer Examples </h2>
&bull; Do you have money
&nbsp; - Yes, I have money. 
&bull; Have you got a car? 
&nbsp; - No, I haven't got a car. 
&bull; Has he got a ticket for the concert? 
&nbsp; - Yes, he has got a ticket. 
&bull; Have you got any plans for the weekend? 
&nbsp; - No, I haven't got any plans. 
&bull; Do you have any questions about the project? 
&nbsp; - Yes, I have a few questions. 
&bull; How many children do you have? 
&nbsp; - We have two children
&bull; How much money have you got on you? 
&nbsp; - I haven't got much money on me. 
<h4>Short Answer </h4>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">I/you/we/they do. I/you/we/they have. </td>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">he/she/it does. he/she/it has. </td>
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<td style="background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); border-width: 1px; width: 28.0418%; height: 39.2px;" rowspan="2">No,</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">I/you/we/they don't. I/you/we/they haven't. </td>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">he/she/it doesn't. he/she/it hasn't. </td>
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<h2>Short Answer Examples </h2>
&bull; Have you got a dog? - Yes, I have. 
&bull; Do you have a car? - Yes, I do. 
&bull; Has she got a sister? - No, she hasn't. 
&bull; Does he have a job? - No, he doesn't. 
&bull; Has Tom got a house? - Yes, he has.

Have / Have Got

Was / were - usage and explanation.
The verb 'was/were' is used as the past form of 'to be'. It is used to talk about a past quality of a person or thing.
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<td style="height: 19.6px;">&nbsp;am/is/are</td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">&nbsp;was/were</td>
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<td style="height: 19.6px;">I'm at home now.</td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">I was at home an hour ago. </td>
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<td style="height: 39.2px;">The weather is cold today.</td>
<td style="height: 39.2px;">The weather was cold yesterday.</td>
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<h4>Affirmative </h4>
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">I He She It </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">was</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">
&bull; I was sick.
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">You We They</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">were&nbsp; </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px; vertical-align: middle;">&bull; They were sick.</td>
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<h4>Negative </h4>
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">I He She It </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle;">was + not </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; I was not sick. &bull; I wasn't sick.</td>
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">You We They</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle;">were + not </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">&bull; They were not sick. &bull; They weren't sick.</td>
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<h2>Example Sentences </h2>
&bull; I was so tired. 
&bull; It was rainy yesterday. 
&bull; He was here 5 minutes ago. 
&bull; She was in Paris last year. 
&bull; The weather wasn't cold&nbsp;this morning. 
&bull; I was so nervous&nbsp;before the interview. 
&bull; We were very tired&nbsp;after the trip. 
&bull; I was a bit late for the meeting. 
&bull; Tom and Mary weren't at the party. 
&bull; When I was a child, I was so shy. 
&bull; This time last year I was in London. 
&bull; The presentation was boring, and it wasn't short. 
&bull; The food was delicious, but it was expensive. 
&bull; The party&nbsp;was fun, but the food wasn't very good. 
&bull; He&nbsp;wasn't at work yesterday because he was sick. 
<h4>Question </h4>
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Was</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">I He She It</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Was he sick? </td>
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Were</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">You We They</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Were you sick? </td>
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<h4>Negative Question </h4>
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Wasn't</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">I He She It</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Wasn't he sick? </td>
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Weren't</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">You We They</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Weren't you sick? </td>
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<h2>Question-Answer Examples </h2>
&bull; Was he a doctor? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - No, he was a teacher. 
&bull; Was your car expensive? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - Yes, it was very expensive. 
&bull; Where were you yesterday? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - I was at home yesterday. 
&bull; Why wasn't he at work last week? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - Because, he was sick last week. 
&bull; What was it? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - It was just a cat. 
&bull; How was the party? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - It was boring. 
<h4>Short Answer </h4>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">I/he/she/it was.</td>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">you/we/they were.</td>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">I/he/she/it wasn't.</td>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">you/we/they weren't.</td>
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<h2>Short Answer Examples </h2>
&bull; Were you angry? - Yes, I was. 
&bull; Was he at work? - No, he wasn't. 
&bull; Was it cold yesterday? - No, it wasn't. 
&bull; Were we late for the meeting? - Yes, we were. 
&bull; Were they in the garden? - No, they weren't.

Was / Were

Verb To Be (am-is-are)

The possessive case is used to show possession. In English, possessive nouns are formed by using the ending 's or the preposition of. Typically 's is used with living beings, and of is used with inanimate beings. 
<h2>'s Usage </h2>
's is added to singular nouns.
・John's house 
・Mia's car 
・my friend's dog 
 's is added to plural nouns that do not end in -s. 
・children's toys 
・women's shoes 
 Plural nouns ending in -s are changed to s'. 
・students' books 
・my friends' bags 
 's is added to proper nouns ending in -s, but in classical literature s' is preferred. 
・James's car 
・Dickens' novels 
 To avoid repeating words, just a noun with&nbsp;'s (a possessive) can be used instead of a full noun phrase. 
・This isn't my pencil. - It's my friend's. (= It's my friend's <s>pencil</s>.) 
・Whose umbrella is this? - It's Tom's. (= It's Tom's <s>umbrella</s>.) 
 When talking about a person's home or workplace, the noun that comes after 's can be omitted from the sentence. 
・We're going to Mia's for dinner. (= Mia's home)
・I must go to the hairdresser's today. (= hairdresser's shop) 
 If two nouns are joined by the conjunction and, 's is added to the second noun. 
・Mia and Tom's children 
・Mr and Mrs Brown's house 
 Multiple nouns can be connected to each other with 's, forming compound possessives. 
・my friend's mother's car 
<h2>Possessive Case </h2>
's used for humans and animals. 
・Tom's house 
・the dog's tail 
・his uncle's car 
 's is used with time expressions. 
・today's newspaper 
・yesterday's homework 
・next week's meeting 
 's is used when referring to a process. 
・a day's journey 
・two hours' delay 
 A process can also be specified without 's, as in the example below. 
・We'll have a six-day holiday in France. ・We'll have six days' holiday in France.
 's and of can be used with names of institutions, organizations and groups. 
・the government's policy / the policy of the government 
・the committee's decision / the decision of the committee 
・the company's sales / the sales of the company 
・Germany's president / the president of Germany 
・the world's population / the population of the world 
 Of is generally used for inanimate beings. 
・the beauty of nature 
・the name of the movie 
・the cover of the book 
・the top of the mountain 
・the beginning of the year 
・the owner of the cafe

Possessive Nouns

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Singular and Plural Nouns

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Usage and example&nbsp;sentences of 'in, on, at' (prepositions of time).
The most common prepositions of time are at, in, and on. We use them to indicate when a particular action or event takes place. The usage forms and usage examples of the prepositions of time 'in, on, at' are listed below.
<h2>in</h2>
It is used with parts of the day, longer periods of time such as months, seasons and years, and some time phrases:
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">parts of the day</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the morning</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">months</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in April</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">seasons</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in summer</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">years, centuries, decades</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in 2013 &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in 20th century &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the 1990s</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">other time phrases</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in 5 minutes &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in two days &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in a week &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the past &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the future</td>
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<h2>on</h2>
It is used with days or dates:
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">days</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;on Monday &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;on Fridays &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;on my birthday &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;on Christmas day &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;on Monday morning</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">dates</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;on June 1 &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;on the 6th of January</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">other time phrases</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull; &nbsp;on weekends (American) &bull; &nbsp;on the weekend (American)</td>
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<h2>at </h2>
It is used with specific time such as clock times, mealtimes, holidays, and some time phrases:
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">clock times</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at 4 o&rsquo;clock &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at 10.30</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">mealtimes</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at lunchtime &bull; &nbsp;at break time</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">holidays&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Christmas &bull; &nbsp;at Chinese New Year</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">other time phrases</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at night &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at noon &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at sunset &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at sunrise &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at present &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the moment &bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the same time &bull; &nbsp;at weekends (British) &bull; &nbsp;at the weekend&nbsp;(British)</td>
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<h4>EXAMPLE SENTENCES</h4>
&bull; I was born&nbsp;in&nbsp;1990.
&bull; I was born&nbsp;on&nbsp;2 June 1990.
&bull; My birthday is&nbsp;in&nbsp;June.
&bull; I go on holiday&nbsp;in&nbsp;summer.
&bull; We can meet&nbsp;in&nbsp;the afternoon.
&bull; We can finish the work&nbsp;in&nbsp;two weeks.
&bull; Are you free&nbsp;on&nbsp;Monday?
&bull; We usually meet&nbsp;on&nbsp;Saturdays.
&bull; He was born&nbsp;on&nbsp;June 1.
&bull; He was born&nbsp;at&nbsp;9.02 am, on June 1.
&bull; I got up&nbsp;at&nbsp;8.00 o&rsquo;clock.
&bull; I am busy&nbsp;at&nbsp;the moment.
&bull; I can do two things&nbsp;at&nbsp;the same time.
&bull; He will come&nbsp;on&nbsp;the 6th of January.
&bull; He wants to be a doctor&nbsp;in&nbsp;the future.
&bull; Life was hard&nbsp;in&nbsp;the past. 
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
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☞ on Easter or at Easter? &lsquo;on Easter&rsquo; is used to talk about the Easter day itself, and &lsquo;at Easter&rsquo; is used to talk about Easter in general. 
&bull; I saw him on Easter. (Easter day) &bull; What do you do at Easter? (during Easter)
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In, on, at (Time)

English Grammar for proficiency: the indefinite article &lsquo;a/an&rsquo;. 
The indefinite article&nbsp;'a/an' means 'one, any'. This article is used only before a singular countable noun that is general or when its identity is not known. 
A or An 'A' comes before the word that starts with a consonant sound, and 'an' comes before the word that starts with a vowel sound.
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<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 48.3333%; height: 28px;">a</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 28px;">an</td>
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<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 48.3333%; height: 168px;">a car a boy a doctor a big elephant a duck a university a house </td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 168px;">an apple an idea an engineer an elephant an ugly duck an umbrella an hour</td>
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<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 98.6667%;">💬&nbsp; Note that we use 'a/an' according to whether the word starts with a vowel or consonant sound, not a vowel or consonant letter. In English, some words can be pronounced with a vowel sound even if they start with a consonant letter, and some are pronounced with a consonant sound even if they start with a vowel letter. </td>
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➤ Since the word &lsquo;hour&rsquo; starts with the silent letter 'h', its pronunciation begins with 'a' (with a vowel sound), therefore we use 'an'. &bull; an hour &bull; an honest &bull; an honour
➤ Since the pronunciation of the word &lsquo;university&rsquo; begins with 'y' (with a consonant sound), we use 'a'. &bull; a university &bull; a useful book &bull; a European country
➤ Similarly, in abbreviations, 'a/an' is used according to the first sound. &bull; a NATO member (first consonant sound 'neyto') &bull; a UN decision (first consonant sound 'yuen') &bull; an FM station (first vowel sound 'efem')
<h2>Usage </h2>
☞&nbsp;It is used when talking about something unknown to the listener or reader.
&bull; He is reading a book. ✍︎ It is unknown which book it is, any book. 
 ☞&nbsp;It is used when mentioning something for the first time in an article or speech.
&bull; Tom works in a factory. The factory is very big. ✍︎ Factory is used with 'a' in the first sentence, and with 'the' in the second sentence, as it is known as the factory where Tom works.&nbsp; 
 ☞ It is used to describe or define a person/thing. 
&bull; A lion is an animal. 
&bull; A lion is a wild animal. 
&bull; He is an angry man.
 ☞ It is used when talking about a person's profession, religion, or race. 
&bull; He is a teacher.
&bull; She is a Muslim.
&bull; Tom is an Englishman.
 ☞&nbsp;It is used in the sense of 'one'. 
&bull; I have a cat and two dogs.
&bull; I have one cat and two dogs.
&bull; I bought a kilogram of sugar.
&bull; I bought one kilogram of sugar.
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<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 101.833%;">💬&nbsp; Although the meaning of these sentences is the same, the emphasis of 'one cat/kilogram' is stronger than 'a cat/kilogram'. </td>
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 ☞ It is used with words like 'what, such', often in exclamatory sentences. 
&bull; What a shame! 
&bull; What a beautiful day!
&bull; She is such a lovely girl.
 ☞ It is used to indicate rate, frequency, and speed. 
&bull; I go shopping once a week.
&bull; I can run 10 kilometres an hour.
&bull; The oranges are 20p a kilo.
 ☞ It is used in some expressions of quantity. 
&bull; He came half an hour ago.
&bull; He gave me a few books.
&bull; There were a lot of people at the party.
 ☞ When talking about an unknown person, it is used before the person's name or the 'title + name' structure to give the meaning of 'someone...'. 
&bull; A Mr. Smith is waiting for you.
&bull; He works with a Tom Kidman.
 ☞ It is used to show the similarity or to&nbsp;make a comparison with a special well-known name. 
&bull; He's regarded as an Einstein in his field. 
&bull;&nbsp;My father thinks that he is a Shakespeare.
 ☞ It is used before the names of some diseases. 
&bull; I have a headache.
&bull; I have got a cold.
 ☞ It is used to specify one of the days of the week without stating the exact day. 
&bull; I was born on a Friday.