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English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'can'. 
'Can' is used to talk about a skill, competency, or possibility that a person needs to be able to do something.&nbsp; 
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + can + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; I can run fast</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + can + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; I can&rsquo;t run fast. &nbsp; &bull; I cannot run fast.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (can + subject + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Can you run fast?</td>
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</tbody>
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>☞&nbsp;The negative form of can is used as&nbsp; &lsquo;can&rsquo;t, cannot&rsquo;, it is not written separately as '<s>can not</s>'. ✓ I can&rsquo;t swim very well. ✓ I cannot swim very well. ✗ <del>I can not swim very well.</del></td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Ability It is used to indicate an innate skill or an acquired ability. </h4>
&bull; I can play the piano.
&bull; He can&rsquo;t run very fast.
&bull; Can you speak French fluently?
<h4>Right It is used to indicate that someone has the right, opportunity or power to do something. </h4>
&bull; All citizens over the age of 18 can vote.
&bull; A police officer can carry a gun.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t come to the party on Friday.
<h4>Request It is used to ask someone to do something. </h4>
&bull; Can you open the door?
&bull; Can I have a cup of coffee, please?
&bull; Can you look after my cat when I am away?
<h4>Permission It is used to ask for, give or refuse permission. </h4>
&bull; Can I use your phone?
&bull; You can&rsquo;t park here.
&bull; You can take my car if you want. 
<h4>Offer/Suggestion It is used to offer help or make a suggestion. </h4>
&bull; Can I help you lift the box?
&bull; We can eat out tonight, if you like.
<h4>Impossibility It is used to indicate that something is not right, often with suspicion or confusion. </h4>
&bull; That can&rsquo;t be true.
&bull; You can&rsquo;t be serious!
&bull; He can&rsquo;t have arrived yet. 
<h4>Probability It is used to talk about probabilities that are generally considered to be true. </h4>
&bull; It can be very hot here in summer.
&bull; Learning a new language can be difficult.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Can' </h2>
&bull; Can you pass the salt, please?
&bull; Can you help me with this project? 
&bull; He can speak three languages fluently. 
&bull; He can&rsquo;t have finished the work.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t attend the meeting today.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t decide what to do now.
&bull; I can&rsquo;t understand what you mean.
&bull; Can I do anything for you?
&bull; Students can enter the museum for free.
&bull; Is there anything I can do for you? 
&bull; Deserts can be quite cold at night.
&bull; He can be very rude sometimes.
&bull; You can pass the exam if you work hard.
&bull; &ldquo;Can I sit here?&rdquo; &ldquo;No, you can&rsquo;t.&rdquo;
&bull; &ldquo;Can I borrow your book?&rdquo; &ldquo;Yes, you can.&rdquo;
</div>

İngilizce

The present continuous tense is usually used to indicate an action that is currently happening. 
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">Time Expressions</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">now, right now, just now, at the moment, at this moment, at the present, at the present time, at present, today, this week/month/year, this term, temporarily, nowadays, these days, for the time being</td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Now It is used to talk about actions or events that are happening at the moment of speaking. The following adverbs of time are commonly used in this case:&nbsp;now, right now, at the moment, at the present.</h4>
&bull; He is sleeping now. 
&bull; I'm working at the moment. 
&bull; Are you still waiting for me? 
&bull; Look! John is swimming in the sea. 
&bull; What are you doing? - I'm watching TV. 
<h4>For a while It is used to talk about temporary situations or actions. The following adverbs of time are commonly used in this case:&nbsp;these days, nowadays, this year, this week, this term. </h4>
&bull; He's working hard these days. 
&bull; I'm learning English this year.
&bull; We are staying at a hotel for six weeks. 
&bull; I'm taking a course in art history this semester.
<h4>Future It is used to describe actions that are planned to be done in the future.&nbsp;The following adverbs of time are commonly used in this case:&nbsp;tomorrow, next week, this month.</h4>
&bull; I'm not working tomorrow. 
&bull; He's coming back soon. 
&bull; We are getting married next year. 
&bull; What are you doing this weekend? 
<h4>Repeat It is used to describe repetitive actions or events that can be often disturbing.&nbsp;The following adverbs of time are commonly used in this case: always, constantly, forever.</h4>
&bull; It's always raining here. 
&bull; They are constantly arguing. 
&bull; Be careful. You are always making mistakes.&nbsp;
<h4>Change It is used to describe changing or developing events. </h4>
&bull; It's getting dark. 
&bull; My English is improving. 
&bull;&nbsp;Technology is developing rapidly. 
&bull; Our population is increasing day by day.

Present Continuous Tense 2

Present Continuous Tense

Verb To Be (am-is-are)

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verb 'could'.
Could is used as the past tense of 'can' to talk about a past competence or a current possibility, request, permission, and suggestion. 
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<td>Structure </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + could + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; I could run fast.</td>
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<td>&nbsp; Negative&nbsp;(subject + could + not + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; I couldn't run fast. &nbsp; &bull; I could not run fast. </td>
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<td>&nbsp; Question (could + subject + V1)</td>
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<td>&nbsp; &bull; Could you run fast?</td>
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</tbody>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Past ability It is used as the past tense of can, to talk about a person's past ability or skill. </h4>
&bull; He could swim very well.
&bull; I knew that you could do that.
&bull; When I was younger I could run fast.
&bull; He couldn't come to the party yesterday.
<h4>Permission It is used to politely ask permission to do something. </h4>
&bull; Could I borrow your umbrella?
&bull; Could I use your phone, please?
<h4>Request It is used to politely ask someone to do something.</h4>
&bull; Could you open the door?
&bull; Could you pass me the salt?
<h4>Probability It is used to indicate that something is possible. </h4>
&bull; He could be right.
&bull; He could have lost his job.
&bull; The accident could be prevented.
<h4>Suggestion It is used to make a suggestion. </h4>
&bull; We could eat out tonight, if you like.
&bull; I wonder if we could go to the beach this weekend.
<h4>Annoyance It is often used to indicate disturbance or annoyance in an angry way. </h4>
&bull; I'm so pissed off I could scream!
&bull; You could have told me the truth!
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>☞&nbsp;When 'could' is used to make requests or ask permission to do something, the question is answered with 'can'. 
&bull; &ldquo;Could I ask a question?&rdquo; &ldquo;Yes, you can.&rdquo;
&bull; &ldquo;Could I borrow your book, please?&rdquo; &ldquo;No, you can't.
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<h2>Example Sentences with 'Could' </h2>
&bull; I could play the piano then.
&bull; He said that he couldn't come to the party.
&bull; She could read French when she was four
&bull; I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw her.
&bull; Could you repeat that, please?
&bull; I couldn't sleep last night because of the noise.
&bull; We could be making a big mistake.
&bull; The situation couldn't be worse!
&bull; You could at least try to help me!
&bull; He asked if we could meet at the library.
&bull; I wasn't sure if I could do that. 
&bull; I'm not sure if I could do that.
&bull; I'm not sure if I could have done that.
&bull; If I had time, I could help you with your project.
&bull; I wish I could turn back time and make different decisions. 
&bull; If you could lend me some money, I would really appreciate it.
&bull; I wonder if we could meet at the park instead of the coffee shop.

Could

The Simple Present Tense is used to talk about habits, routines or general truths. 
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">Time Expressions</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">always, usually, generally, often, sometimes, occasionally, never, every day/week/year etc., once a day, twice a week, three times a year, on Sundays, on Saturday nights, on Monday mornings, on weekdays/weekends, at night/noon, in the morning/afternoon/evening </td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Hobby It is often used with adverbs of frequency such as 'always, sometimes, usually, often, never' to indicate a habit, a hobby, or an action that happens regularly. </h4>
&bull; I always get up early. 
&bull; He likes playing chess. 
&bull; John drinks tea every day. 
&bull; We go swimming twice a week. 
&bull; How often do you go running? 
&bull; They watch TV in the evening.
<h4>General Truth It is used to indicate a permanent situation or a general truth. </h4>
&bull; My name is Maria. 
&bull; He works in Germany. 
&bull; Where do you live? 
&bull; It doesn't rain much here. 
&bull; Tom knows three languages. 
<h4>Scientific Fact It is used to indicate situations that are accepted as true by everyone, such as laws of nature or scientific facts. </h4>
&bull; The sun sets in the west. 
&bull; Every atom has a nucleus. 
&bull; The Earth orbits around the Sun.
&bull; Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. 
&bull; The human body is made up of cells.
<h4>Future It is often used with adverbs of time such as&nbsp;'tomorrow,&nbsp;next week, this evening' to indicate something is scheduled to happen in the future. </h4>
&bull; The school starts next week. 
&bull; The concert starts at 7 p.m. tonight.
&bull; The plane arrives at 09.45 tomorrow. 
<h4>Clause It is used as a clause with conjunctions such as 'if, when, while, after, before, unless'.</h4>
&bull; If it rains, we'll get wet. 
&bull; I will visit my uncle&nbsp;before I leave. 
&bull; We listen to music while we work. 
&bull; I'll give something to him when I see him.
<h4>Instruction It is used in sentences that give an order, instruction or direction. </h4>
&bull; Call the police. 
&bull; You two help me. 
&bull; You turn the key to start the car.
&bull; Go straight for one mile and then turn right.
<h4>Narrative It is used to narrate a story, tale, book, movie, or match. </h4>
&bull; The prince goes to the forest and...&nbsp;
&bull; The player kicks the ball and scores a goal.
<h4>News Headline It is used instead of the past tense in news headlines. </h4>
&bull; Five soldiers die in Iraq. 
&bull; Four people injure in the collision.

Simple Present Tense 2

English Grammar for proficiency: The Simple Present Tense 
The Simple Present Tense is usually used to talk about regular actions or general truths. 
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 43.5334px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Affirmative </td>
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/We/They +&nbsp;V1</td>
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<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">&nbsp; He/She/It + V1 + -s </td>
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<td style="height: 43.5334px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Negative </td>
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/We/They +&nbsp;do + not + V1 </td>
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<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; He/She/It + does + not + V1</td>
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<td style="text-align: center; height: 43.5334px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">Question </td>
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">Do +&nbsp;I/You/We/They + V1</td>
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<tr style="height: 21.7667px;">
<td style="height: 21.7667px; border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Does + He/She/It + V1</td>
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<tr style="height: 36.65px; background-color: rgb(250, 251, 252); border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example </td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form </td>
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<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I love you.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
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<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; He sings well.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
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<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I do not love you.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I don't love you.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; He does not sing.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">He doesn't sing.</td>
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<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">?+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">Do you love me?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
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<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Does he sing?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
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<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">?- </td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Do you not love me?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Don't you love me?</td>
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<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Does she not sing?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Doesn't she sing?</td>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">Time Expressions</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">always, usually, generally, often, sometimes, occasionally, never, every day/week/year etc., once a day, twice a week, three times a year, on Sundays, on Saturday nights, on Monday mornings, on weekdays/weekends, at night/noon, in the morning/afternoon/evening </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
Habit It's used when we talk about habits, daily routines, repeated actions or repeated events, usually with adverbs of frequency such as 'always, sometimes, usually, often, never'. 
・ I always get up early. 
・ He likes playing chess.&nbsp;
・ John drinks tea every day.&nbsp;
・ We go swimming twice a week. 
・ How often do you go running? 
・ They watch TV in the evening.
General Truth It is used to indicate a permanent situation or a general truth. 
・My name is Maria.&nbsp;
・He works in Germany.&nbsp; 
・Where do you live?&nbsp; 
・It doesn't rain much here. 
・Tom knows three languages.&nbsp;
Scientific Fact It is used to indicate situations that are accepted as true by everyone, such as laws of nature or scientific facts. 
・The sun sets in the west.&nbsp; 
・Every atom has a nucleus. 
・The Earth orbits around the Sun. 
・Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. 
・The human body is made up of cells.
Now It is used with 'stative verbs' to indicate a feeling or thought in the present. 
・I feel dizzy.&nbsp;
・You look awful.
・I want to drink water.&nbsp;
・I don't understand you.&nbsp;
Future It is used to indicate that something is scheduled to happen in the future, usually&nbsp;with adverbs of time such as&nbsp;'tomorrow,&nbsp;next week, this evening'. 
・The school starts next week.&nbsp;
・The concert starts at 7 p.m. tonight.
・The plane arrives at 09.45 tomorrow.&nbsp; 
Clause It is used as a clause with conjunctions such as&nbsp;'if, when, while, after, before, unless'.
・If it rains, we'll get wet. 
・I will visit my uncle before I leave.&nbsp;
・We listen to music while we work. 
・I'll give something to him when I see him.&nbsp; 
Instruction It is used in sentences that give an order, instruction or direction.
・Call the police. 
・You two help me. 
・You turn the key to start the car.
・Go straight for one mile and then turn right.
Narrative It is used to narrate a story, tale, book, movie, or match.
・The prince goes to the forest and...&nbsp;
・The player kicks the ball and scores a goal.
Quotation It is used to introduce the quotation or paraphrase someone's words.
・The Bible says do everything in love. 
・The report warns that a global water crisis is likely.
News Headline It is used instead of the past tense in news headlines.
・Five soldiers die in Iraq.&nbsp;
・Four people injure in the collision.&nbsp;
There/Here It is used in phrases 'there goes.., here comes...'. 
・Here comes your daughter. 
・There goes the bus we were supposed to catch

Simple Present Tense

Elementary English grammar for beginners: This, that, these, those. 
'This, that, these, those' is used to point out a person or thing. These words can be used as both demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives. 'This' and 'that' are singular, 'these' and 'those' are plural. 'This' and 'these' are used to indicate things close to the speaker, 'that' and 'those' are used to indicate things far away from the speaker. 
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<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 251, 253); height: 19.6px;">
<td style="height: 19.6px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">Singular </td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">Plural </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="height: 19.6px;">Near </td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">this </td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">these </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="height: 19.6px;">Far </td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">that </td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">those </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<td>Pronoun</td>
<td>Adjective</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is this?</td>
<td>How is this book? </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>That's a car.</td>
<td>That car is expensive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>These are mine.</td>
<td>These apples are mine</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>☞ As an adjective, 'this' and 'that' are used with singular and uncountable nouns; 'these' and 'those' are used with plural nouns. </h4>
&bull; I want to buy this shirt. &bull; Do you like this music? &bull; We can use those chairs.
<h4>☞ 'This' and 'these' are used for things close to the speaker; 'that' and 'those' are used for things far away from the speaker. </h4>
&bull; This is my car. &bull; Is&nbsp;that your car over there? &bull; This dress is too small for me. &bull; Can I try that dress?
<h4>☞ 'This' and 'these' are used for situations that are happening in the present; 'that' and 'those' are used for situations that happened in the past. </h4>
✍︎ In other words, 'this, these' are used for time periods close to the moment of speaking, and 'that, those' are used for time periods far away from the moment of speaking. &bull; This is a good book. 
&bull; That was a good book. 
&bull; I'll read these letters today. 
&bull; Did you read those letters yesterday? 
<h4>☞ 'This, that, these, those' can be used to refer to something that has already been mentioned. </h4>
&bull; I heard this story before.
&bull; We have a big problem. -&nbsp;This is true.
&bull; We can go to the beach on Sunday. - That's a great idea.
<h4>☞ It is used to introduce a person. </h4>
&bull; This is Jack Smith.
&bull;&nbsp;Hello Paul, this is my friend Tom.
<h4>☞ It is used on the phone to introduce oneself or address someone. </h4>
&bull; Is that John Miller?&nbsp; (on the phone)
&bull; Hello, this is Maria. (on the phone)

This, That, These, Those

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'be able to'.
Be able to&nbsp;is generally used to talk about a skill, competency, or possibility. Although it is synonymous with 'can/could', 'be able to' can be used with other tenses and other modal verbs. 
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + be able to + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He&nbsp;is able to speak English.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative&nbsp;(subject + be + not + able to + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He is not able to speak English. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question&nbsp;(be + subject + able to + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Is he able to speak English?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Ability It is used to indicate an innate skill or an acquired ability.</h4>
&bull; She is able to swim very well.
&bull; He is able to speak French and German. 
&bull; Dolphins are able to swim very fast.
<h4>Capacity It is used to indicate that something has the capacity or capability to do something. </h4>
&bull; The car is able to connect to the internet.
&bull; The computer is able to process large amounts of data quickly.
<h4>Opportunity It is used to indicate that a person has time, money or opportunity to do something. </h4>
&bull; Will you be able to come to the party? 
&bull; We are not able to afford a new car at the moment.
<h4>Success It is used to indicate that a person has managed to do something that seems difficult or dangerous. This usage is synonymous with 'manage'. </h4>
&bull; She was able to escape the burning building.
&bull; He was able to fix the car's engine within minutes. 
<h4>Permission/Right It is used to indicate that a person has permission or right to do something. </h4>
&bull; Members are able to enter the museum for free.
&bull; Children under the age of 18 are not able to drive a car.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Be able to' </h2>
&bull; He is able to speak four languages with fluency.
&bull; I am not able to speak Spanish fluently.
&bull; She was able to pass the exam.
&bull; He wasn't able to finish the race because of an injury.
&bull; I will be able to finish the report by tomorrow.
&bull; We won't be able to finish the work by Friday
&bull; He might be able to help you.
&bull; He might not be able to achieve his goal. 
&bull; We should be able to manage time.
&bull; He should not be able to make rapid decisions. 
&bull; We have been able to find a solution to the problem.
&bull; I have not been able to save enough money to buy a car.
&bull; Visitors are not able to enter this area.
&bull; You are not able to bring food into the theater.
&bull; Humans are not able to see in the dark.
&bull; The child isn't able to walk yet.
&bull; The young bird is not able to fly yet.
&bull; The car is able to reach high speeds within 5 seconds.
&bull; He was able to solve the math problem with ease.
&bull; I wasn't able to sleep last night because of the noise.

Be Able To

'Simple Present Tense' and 'Present Continuous Tense'

In English, stative verbs are used to indicate a state, not an action. These verbs are often used to talk about a state of mind, emotion, perception, or possession. Stative verbs are not usually used in the progressive form (with&nbsp;-ing) because they do not indicate an action. 
<h4>Most Used Stative Verbs </h4>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">Mental states: understand, know, believe, desire, doubt, remember, wish, realize, recognize, suppose, prefer Emotional states: love, like, dislike, hate, fear, need, want, astonish, care, envy, mind, please, surprise Possession: have, belong, owe, own, possess Senses: feel, taste, smell, see, hear, look, appear, seem Others: be, contain, cost, deserve, equal, exist, involve, lack, matter, perceive, promise, resemble &nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Non-Progressive Usage </h2>
Since most stative verbs do not have the '-ing' suffix, the simple present tense is used to talk about a situation at the moment of speaking, not the present continuous tense. 
✓ I know John. ✗ <del>I&rsquo;m knowing</del> John. 
✓&nbsp;I want to drink water. ✗ <del>I&rsquo;m wanting</del> to drink water. 
✓ I don't understand you. ✗ <del>I&rsquo;m not understanding</del> you. 
✓ I will be there, I promise.&nbsp; ✗ I will be there,&nbsp;<del>I&rsquo;m promise.</del> 
<h2>Progressive and&nbsp;Non-Progressive Usage </h2>
In English, some verbs can be used to indicate both an action and a state. Generally, the meanings of these verbs are different from each other. Stative meaning is used in non-progressive form, and active meaning is used in progressive form. 
<h3>Have</h3>
<h4>Here are some usages where have indicates both action and state. </h4>
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.6px; background-color: rgb(248, 250, 252);">
<td style="height: 19.6px;">State </td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">Action </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 215.6px;">
<td style="height: 215.6px;">have a car have a house have money have a friend have black hair have a right have a chance</td>
<td style="height: 215.6px;">have breakfast have tea have a shower have a holiday have a break have a word have a good time</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>a) When the verb 'have' indicates possession, it is not used with the present continuous tense. </h4>
&bull; I have a red car. 
&bull; I don't have any money. 
<h4>b)&nbsp;When the verb 'have' indicates&nbsp;an action, it can be used with the present continuous tense. </h4>
&bull; We're having breakfast now. 
&bull; I'm having a good time here. 
<h3>Be</h3>
<h4>a) The structure 'be + adjective' is used to describe a person. </h4>
&bull; She is very lazy. 
&bull; He is a rude man. 
<h4>b) The structure 'being + adjective' is used to indicate the behavior of a person at the moment of speaking. </h4>
&bull; She is being lazy. 
&bull; He is being rude to me. 
<h4>c) Some adjectives are not used in the 'being + adjective' structure as they will not change regardless of the moment of speaking. </h4>
✓ He is old.&nbsp; ✗ <del>He is being old.</del> ✍︎&nbsp; Since old age does not change based on the moment of speaking, it is not used with 'being' 
<h3>Think</h3>
<h4>If 'think' is used with the simple present tense, it indicates that the person has an idea or belief - a state; if it is used with the present continuous tense, it indicates the process of thinking - an action.</h4>
&bull; I think you are right. 
&bull; I am thinking of you. 
<h3>Taste</h3>
<h4>If 'taste' is used with the simple present tense, it indicates that something has a taste - a state; if it is used with the present continuous tense, it indicates&nbsp;the process of&nbsp;tasting something - an action. </h4>
&bull; The food tastes delicious. 
&bull; He is tasting the food. 
<h3>Smell</h3>
<h4>If 'smell' is used with the simple present tense, it indicates that something has a smell - a state; if it is used with the present continuous tense, it indicates the process of smelling something - an action. </h4>
&bull; The rose smells nice. 
&bull; She is smelling the rose. 
<h3>See</h3>
<h4>If 'see' is used with the simple present tense, it indicates understanding&nbsp;something - a state, if it is used with the present continuous tense, it indicates meeting someone - an action. </h4>
&bull; I see what you mean. 
&bull; I'm seeing my friend tomorrow. 
<h3>Look&amp;Feel</h3>
<h4>The verbs 'look' and 'feel' can be used in both the simple present tense and the present continuous tense. Although the meanings are the same, if the present continuous tense is used, the moment of speaking is emphasized. </h4>
&bull; You look awful.&nbsp; &bull; You're looking awful. 
&bull; I feel sick.&nbsp; &bull; I'm feeling sick.

Stative Verbs

<div class="prose mt-8 text-gray-700">
Elementary English grammar for beginners: There is / There are. 
'There is'&nbsp;and 'there are' are used to indicate that something or someone exists somewhere. 'There is' is used with singular and uncountable nouns.&nbsp;'There are' is used with plural nouns. 
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.9053%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(252, 253, 253);">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; There + is + singular/uncountable noun</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; There + are + plural noun </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.9053%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(252, 253, 253);">
<td>&nbsp; Negative </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; There + is + not + singular/uncountable noun </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; There + are + not + plural noun </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #fff7f7;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;">&nbsp; Short forms &nbsp; There is &rArr; There&rsquo;s &nbsp; There is not &rArr; There isn&rsquo;t &nbsp; There is not &rArr; There&rsquo;s not &nbsp; There are not &rArr; There aren&rsquo;t </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Example Sentences </h2>
&bull; There's an apple on the table.
&bull; There isn't an apple on the table.
&bull; There are apples on the table.
&bull; There aren't apples on the table.
&bull; There is a book in the bag.
&bull; There is a vase on the table.
&bull; There is a man at the door. 
&bull; There are some apples on the table.
&bull; There is some tea in the cup.
&bull; There isn&rsquo;t any money in the bag.
&bull; There aren&rsquo;t any children in the garden. 
&bull; There isn't much milk in the bottle.
&bull; There are many chairs here.
&bull; There are differences between the two cars.
&bull; There is a crowd in front of the building.
&bull; There is a pencil under the bed.
&bull; There is a chair near the door.
&bull; There is a park behind the house.
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.9053%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(252, 253, 253);">
<td>&nbsp; Question </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; Is + there + singular/uncountable noun </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; Are + there + plural noun </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Question-Answer Examples</h2>
&bull; Is there an apple on the table?
&nbsp;&nbsp; - Yes, there's an apple on the table.
&bull; Are there apples on the table? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - Yes, there are many apples on the table. 
&bull; Are there many birds in the tree? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - No, there aren't many birds in the tree. 
&bull; Are there any books on the shelf? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - Yes, there are some books on the shelf. 
&bull; Are there any children in the garden? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - No, there aren't any children in the garden. 
&bull; How much milk is there in the bottle?&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp; - There's some milk in the bottle.
&bull; How many chairs are there in the room? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - There are four chairs in the room.
<h3>Short Answer </h3>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 225, 235); width: 99.9053%; height: 39.2px;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); border-width: 1px; width: 28.0418%; height: 39.2px;" rowspan="2">Yes,</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">there is.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">there are. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 225, 235); width: 99.9053%; height: 39.2px;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); border-width: 1px; width: 28.0418%; height: 39.2px;" rowspan="2">No,</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">there isn't.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">there aren't. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Short&nbsp;Answer Examples</h2>
&bull; Is there a child in the park? - Yes, there is. 
&bull; Is there a man at the door? - No, there isn't.
&bull; Are there apples in the fridge? - Yes, there are.
&bull; Are there books on the table? - No, there aren't.
</div>

There is / There are

Elementary English grammar for beginners: Articles (a, an, the). 
Articles are used to define a noun as specific or general. 
<h2>A/An</h2>
The indefinite article (a/an) means 'one, any'. This article is used only before a singular countable noun that is general or when its identity is not known.
A or An 'A' comes before the word that starts with a consonant sound, and 'an' comes before the word that starts with a vowel sound. 
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #f7f8fa; height: 196px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 28px;">
<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 48.3333%; height: 28px;">a</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 28px;">an</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 168px;">
<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 48.3333%; height: 168px;">a car a boy a doctor a big elephant a duck a university a house </td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 168px;">an apple an idea an engineer an elephant an ugly duck an umbrella an hour</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #fff5f5;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 98.6667%;">💬&nbsp; Note that&nbsp;we use 'a/an' according to whether the word starts with a vowel or consonant sound, not a vowel or consonant letter. In English, some words can be pronounced with a vowel sound even if they start with a consonant letter, and some are pronounced with a consonant sound even if they start with a vowel letter. </td>
<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
➤ Since the word &lsquo;hour&rsquo; starts with the silent letter 'h', its pronunciation begins with 'a' (with a vowel sound), therefore we use 'an'. an hour an honour an honest man 
➤ Since the pronunciation of the word&nbsp;&lsquo;university&rsquo; begins with 'y' (with a consonant sound), we use 'a'. a university a useful book a European country
<h4>☞ It is used when talking about something unknown to the listener or reader. </h4>
&bull; He is reading a book. ✍︎ It is unknown which book it is, any book. 
<h4>☞ It is used when mentioning something for the first time in an article or speech. </h4>
&bull; Tom works in a factory. The factory is very big. ✍︎ Factory is used with 'a' in the first sentence, and with 'the' in the second sentence, as it is known as the factory where Tom works. 
<h4>☞ It is used to describe or define a person/thing. </h4>
&bull; A lion is an animal. 
&bull; A lion is a wild animal. 
&bull; He is an angry man. 
<h4>☞ It is used when talking about a person's profession, religion, or race. </h4>
&bull; He is a teacher.
&bull; She is a Muslim.
&bull; Tom is an Englishman.
<h4>☞ It is used in the sense of 'one'. </h4>
&bull; I have a cat and two dogs.
&bull; I have one cat and two dogs.
&bull; I bought a kilogram of sugar.
&bull; I bought one kilogram of sugar.
<h2>The</h2>
The definite article (the) is used to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the listener or reader. Unlike 'a/an', this article is used before uncountable or countable, singular or plural nouns. 
<h4>☞ It is used to refer to a person or thing that has already been mentioned. </h4>
&bull; He bought a car.&nbsp;The car is very expensive. ✍︎ Car is used with 'a' in the first sentence, and with 'the' in the second sentence, as it is known as the purchased car. 
<h4>☞ It is used in situations when it is clear which person or thing is being referred to. </h4>
&bull; Can you pass&nbsp;the salt? (= the salt on the table)
&bull; Can you close the door? (= the door of the room)
&bull; My mother is in the kitchen. (= the kitchen of the house) 
&bull; He is washing&nbsp;the car. (= his own car) 
<h4>☞ It is used when talking about things that are unique or one of a kind. </h4>
✍︎ the sun, the moon, the world, the ground, the universe, the sky, the environment, the internet &bull; The sun is rising.
&bull; The moon is bright tonight.
&bull; Paris is the capital of France.
&bull; He is the prime minister of Italy.
<h3>Comparison </h3>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 50%;"><col style="width: 50%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250);">
<td>&nbsp;A/An</td>
<td>The</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tokyo is a capital. There are many capitals in the world. </td>
<td>Tokyo is the capital of Japan. Japan has only one capital. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Can you close a window? There are several windows (in the room). </td>
<td>Can you close the window? There is one window (in the room). </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>He's a bank manager. A manager of some bank. </td>
<td>I'd like to speak to the manager. The manager of the bank that has been mentioned. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I want to buy a car. Any car. </td>
<td>I need to wash the car. My own car. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>He gave me a pen. </td>
<td>He gave me the pen on the table. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
&nbsp;

Articles (a, an, the) 1

Comprehensive English Grammar: Simple Past Tense 
The Simple Past Tense is used to talk about events or actions that happened and finished in the past.
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); height: 42.5334px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Affirmative </td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They + V2 + object </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="height: 42.5334px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Negative </td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">I/You/He/She/It/We/They&nbsp;+ did + not + V1 + object </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.2667px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 42.5334px; background-color: rgb(248, 251, 252); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Question </td>
<td style="height: 21.2667px; border-width: 1px;">Did&nbsp;+&nbsp;I/You/He/She/It/We/They&nbsp;+ V1 + object </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.568%; height: 330.8px; border: 1px solid #E6EBEF;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; background-color: rgb(250, 251, 252); border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Example </td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Short Form </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I went there.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; It rained a lot.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 74.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">&minus; </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">I did not go there.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">I didn't go there.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; It did not rain a lot.</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 37.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">It didn't rain a lot.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">?+ </td>
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">Did you go there?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(203, 212, 245);">
<td style="width: 44.2022%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp; Did it rain a lot?</td>
<td style="width: 43.5466%; height: 36.65px; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px; text-align: left;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &ndash;&ndash;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.65px;">
<td style="width: 12.2528%; height: 73.25px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;" rowspan="2">?- </td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Did&nbsp;you not go there?</td>
<td style="height: 36.65px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Didn't you go there?</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.6px;">
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 44.2022%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">&nbsp; Did it not rain a lot?</td>
<td style="height: 36.6px; width: 43.5466%; border-color: rgb(230, 235, 239); border-width: 1px;">Didn't it rain a lot?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tbody>
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<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 1.60985%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 96.875%;">Time Expressions</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 1.60985%;">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 1.60985%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 96.875%;">yesterday; yesterday evening, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday ago; five minutes ago, an hour ago, one day ago, two months ago, years ago last; last night, last week, last year, last Friday, last summer </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>☞&nbsp;It is used to talk about events that happened and finished in the past.</h4>
&bull; I saw her yesterday. 
&bull; He graduated last month. 
&bull; He went to France five years ago.&nbsp; 
&bull; I learned how to ride a bike when I was six years old. 
<h4>▪︎ These events may have happened in the recent or distant past.</h4>
&bull; Shakespeare died in 1616. 
&bull; He started a new job two days ago. 
<h4>▪︎ These events may have been short or long-lasting.</h4>
&bull; John lived in Germany for 5 years.&nbsp; 
&bull; I just slept for a few hours last night.&nbsp; 
<h4>☞ It is used to talk about past habits or actions that happened regularly or repeatedly.</h4>
&bull; He went abroad several times last year.&nbsp; 
&bull; We often went to the beach on weekends.&nbsp; 
&bull; I sometimes played football when I was in school. 
&bull; She went camping every summer when she was young. 
<h4>☞ It is used to describe a series of events that happened in the past or to tell a story, fairy tale, etc. </h4>
&bull; He drank water, looked at me and sat down.&nbsp; 
&bull; Once upon a time, there was a princess who lived in a magnificent castle. She... &bull; One night, Tom decided to write a novel. When he sat down at his desk, he heard a strange sound and... 
<h3>Notes</h3>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1.70584%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 98.2752%;">💬 The simple past tense is used as 'subject + v2 + object' in affirmative sentences, but it can also be used as 'subject + did + v1 + object' to emphasize the verb. &bull; I went there. &bull; I did go there. 💬 The simple past tense is used with interrogative pronouns as 'what/when... + did'. However, with the subject pronoun 'who' it can be used with or without 'did' - it is more common without 'did'. &bull; Who did discover America? &bull; Who discovered America?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Simple Past Tense

What is the difference between 'used to' and 'be used to'? Usage of 'used to', 'be used to' and 'get used to'.
<h2>Used To </h2>
We use 'used to' when we talk about things in the past which are no longer true.
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); height: 44.65px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Affirmative </td>
<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">Subject + used to + infinitive (to do) </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.325px;">
<td style="height: 44.65px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Negative </td>
<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px;">Subject + did + not + use + infinitive (to do) </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.325px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 44.65px; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Question </td>
<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px;">Did + subject&nbsp;+ use to + infinitive (to do) </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
☞ It's used when we talk about habits or repeated actions in the past which no longer happen.
&bull; He didn&rsquo;t use to smoke, but he does now.
&bull; I used to play the piano when I was in high school.
&bull; I sometimes used to swim in the lake when I was young.
&bull; What games did you use to play at school? 
&bull; How did you use to spend time with your family in summer?&nbsp; 
 ☞&nbsp;It's used when we talk about states in the past which are not true now.
&bull; We used to be good friends when we were in college.
&bull; Mia used to be afraid of dogs, but now she has a dog.
&bull; She used to work as a teacher, but now she's a writer.
&bull; We used to live in France, but we don&rsquo;t live in France now.
&bull; There used to be a factory in this town, but it was closed years ago.
<h2>Be Used To </h2>
We use 'be used to' when we talk about something that is not new or strange for someone. It tells us that&nbsp;someone is accustomed to or familiar with a particular situation or experience. 
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); height: 44.65px; vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Affirmative </td>
<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;">Subject&nbsp;+ be used to + verb+ing (doing) or noun </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.325px;">
<td style="height: 44.65px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Negative </td>
<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px;">Subject + be + not + used to + verb+ing (doing) or noun </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.325px;">
<td style="text-align: center; height: 44.65px; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; border-width: 1px;">Question </td>
<td style="height: 22.325px; border-width: 1px;">Be + subject +&nbsp;used to + verb+ing (doing) or noun </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
&bull; I am used to getting up early.
&bull; I am not used to cold weather. 
&bull; I&rsquo;m not used to people lying to me.
&bull; She is used to living on her own. 
&bull; We are used to traveling frequently. 
&bull; Are you used to working with a team? 
<h4>Get Used To </h4>
As 'be used to', the phrases 'get used to', 'become used to', and 'grow used to' are also used to talk about a current situation or habit. While expressing the same meaning, 'get used to', 'become used to', and 'grow used to' are used more to indicate the adaptation process. 
&bull; I am getting used to working here.
&bull; You will become used to the cold soon.
&bull; It is hard to grow used to living here.
<h4>Common Mistakes </h4>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">✗ <del>He used to working here</del>. ✔︎ He used to work here. ✗ <del>I am used to wake up early</del>. ✔︎ I am used to waking up early. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>Summary </h4>
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<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">★ I used to work at night. ★ I am used to working at night. ★ I am getting used to working at night. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

'Used To' and 'Be Used To'

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'may'. 
May is generally used to talk about a probability, permission or to introduce a polite statement. 
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative&nbsp; (subject + may + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He may be right.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + may + not + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He may not be right. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (may + subject + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; May I come in?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Probability It is used to indicate that something is likely to happen. </h4>
&bull; We may be late.
&bull; It may rain in the afternoon.
&bull; He may have missed the bus.
<h4>Permission a)&nbsp;It is used to ask for or give permission.</h4>
&bull; You may leave now.
&bull; May I use your phone?
<h4>b) In formal language, it is used to indicate that someone is or is not allowed to do something. </h4>
&bull; Workers may not wear jeans at work.
&bull; Students may enter the museum for free.
<h4>Polite statement It is used to politely say, ask, or suggest something. </h4>
&bull; May I ask a question?
&bull; I&rsquo;d like to add something, if I may.
<h4>Although It is used to indicate that something is true, but something else is also true. </h4>
&bull; He may be kind, but he is wrong.
&bull; He may be young, but he has a lot of experience
<h4>Hope/Wish It is used to indicate a hope or wish. </h4>
&bull; May the best man win!
&bull; &lsquo;Her mother passed away&rsquo;. &lsquo;May she rest in peace&rsquo;.
<h4>Purpose It is used to specify a purpose after conjunctions 'in order that' and&nbsp;'so that'.</h4>
&bull; I&rsquo;ll go by car so that I may get there on time.
&bull; We ought to prevent the war in order that we may live in peace.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'May' </h2>
&bull; You may be right.
&bull; That may or may not be a problem.
&bull; They may well succeed.
&bull; I may have to work late tonight.
&bull; I may not be able to come on Saturday.
&bull; He may have left while we were out.
&bull; &ldquo;May I come in?&rdquo; &ldquo;Yes, of course&rdquo;
&bull; &ldquo;May I borrow your book?&rdquo; &ldquo;No, you may not.&rdquo;
&bull; You may consider your decision again.
&bull; The project, if I may say so, was a waste of time.
&bull; May I suggest a different idea?
&bull; Economy is improving. Long may it continue to do so.
&bull; We may need to change our plans due to the weather forecast.
&bull; You may not be aware of this, but I'm allergic to peanuts.
&bull; She may have misunderstood what you said.

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'might'. 
Might is generally used to indicate a probability, ask permission, or introduce a polite statement or request. 
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative&nbsp; (subject + might + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He might be right.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + might + not + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He might not be right. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (might + subject + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Might I come in?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Probability It is used to indicate that something is likely to happen.</h4>
&bull; We might be late.
&bull; It might be dangerous to go there.
&bull; They might have missed the train.
<h4>Past tense of may a) It is used to report&nbsp;that something was said or requested in the past. </h4>
&bull; He said he might be late for the meeting.
&bull; She asked if I might help her.
<h4>b)&nbsp;It is used to specify a&nbsp;past&nbsp;purpose after conjunctions 'in order that' and&nbsp;'so that'.</h4>
&bull; I set an alarm so that I might not oversleep.
&bull; We left early in order that we might not miss the flight.
<h4>Permission It is used to politely ask permission to do something.</h4>
&bull; Might I use your phone? 
&bull; I wonder if I might be able to borrow your car?
<h4>Polite statement It is used to politely say, ask, or suggest something.</h4>
&bull; Might I ask a question?
&bull; I thought we might go out tonight.
&bull; If I might say, I think the design could be more simple.
<h4>Although It is used to indicate that something is true, but something else is also true.</h4>
&bull; He might be rich, but he is so stingy.
&bull; It might be a good idea to go there, but we don&rsquo;t have time.
<h4>Annoyance It is used to indicate that someone is concerned&nbsp;or annoyed by something. </h4>
&bull; You might at least apologize!
&bull; You might have told me you were going to be late!
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Might' </h2>
&bull; It might be true.
&bull; It might snow tomorrow. 
&bull; It might be smart to do that.
&bull; He might be able to fix the car.
&bull; Might I make a suggestion?
&bull; We might go to the park later.
&bull; We might go on holiday next month.
&bull; You might want to change the design.
&bull; I might need to borrow your umbrella.
&bull; We might have to cancel the picnic if it rains.
&bull; You might have left your keys in the car.
&bull; I thought we might go to the beach on Saturday.
&bull; He said he might help me with the project tomorrow.
&bull; It was too risky. He might have lost his job.
&bull; If we hurry, we might get there on time.
&bull; If she knew the truth, she might not do that.
&bull; If he had studied more, he might have passed the test.
&bull; I might buy a new car, but I can't be sure.
&bull; She said she might be late, but she arrived early.
&bull; It's hard to tell, but the team might win the game.
&bull; You might at least try to pass the test!
&bull; You might have asked me for my opinion before making the decision.
&bull; I'm not sure if I'll be able to finish the marathon. It might be too difficult for me.

Might

The Simple Past Tense is used to talk about events or actions that happened and finished in the past.
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<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 1.60985%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 96.875%;">Time Expressions</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 1.60985%;">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 1.60985%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px; width: 96.875%;">yesterday; yesterday evening, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday ago; five minutes ago, an hour ago, one day ago, two months ago, years ago last; last night, last week, last year, last Friday, last summer </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>☞ It is used to talk about events that happened and finished in the past. </h4>
&bull; I saw her yesterday. 
&bull; He graduated last month. 
&bull; He went to France five years ago.&nbsp; 
&bull; I learned how to ride a bike when I was six years old. 
<h4>▪︎ These events may have happened in the recent or distant past. </h4>
&bull; Shakespeare died in 1616. 
&bull; He started a new job two days ago. 
<h4>▪︎ These events may have been short or long-lasting. </h4>
&bull; John lived in Germany for 5 years.&nbsp; 
&bull; I just slept for a few hours last night.&nbsp; 
<h4>☞ It is used to talk about habits or repeated actions in the past. </h4>
&bull; He went abroad several times last year.&nbsp; 
&bull; We often went to the beach on weekends.&nbsp; 
&bull; I sometimes played football when I was in school. 
&bull; She went camping every summer when she was young. 
<h3>Notes</h3>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.019%; background-color: #fff8f8;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 1.70584%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 98.2752%;">💬 The simple past tense is used as 'subject + v2 + object' in affirmative sentences, but it can also be used as 'subject + did + v1 + object' to emphasize the verb. &bull; I went there. &bull; I did go there. 💬 The simple past tense is used with interrogative pronouns as 'what/when... + did'. However, with the subject pronoun 'who' it can be used with or without 'did' - it is more common without 'did'. &bull; Who did discover America? &bull; Who discovered America?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Simple Past Tense 2

Present Continuous Tense 1

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verb 'should'. 
Should&nbsp;is the past tense of &lsquo;shall&rsquo;. It is generally used to say that something is the proper or best thing to do. It also has many other usages. 
<table>
<thead>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject&nbsp;+ should + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; I should study for the exam.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject&nbsp;+ should + not + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; You should not go out. &nbsp; &bull; You shouldn't go out. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (Should + subject&nbsp;+ V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Should I help her?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Ideal It is used to indicate something that is thought to be the right, good, or ideal thing to do. </h4>
&bull; We should be respectful to our elders.
&bull; People should be honest in their relationships. 
&bull; There should be more parking spaces in this area. 
&bull; I should call my parents to let them know I'll be late. 
<h4>Advice It is used to give a recommendation or make suggestions. </h4>
&bull; You should study for the exam. 
&bull; He should wear a jacket; it's quite cold outside. 
&bull; You shouldn't be rude to others. 
&bull; I think you should apologize for what you said.
<h4>Expectation It is used to indicate&nbsp;something&nbsp;that is expected or likely to happen. </h4>
&bull; He should be at work now. 
&bull; It should be sunny tomorrow. 
&bull; The package should arrive by Friday. 
&bull; After studying all night, you should perform well on the exam. 
&bull; The bus should arrive at the station in about 10 minutes. 
<h4>Indirect speech It is used in indirect speech in the past tense structure. </h4>
&bull; He said he should arrive by noon. 
&bull; He suggested that I should apply for the job. 
&bull; She expected that the package should be delivered yesterday.
<h4>Should have It is used to express something that we wanted to happen in the past but it did not happen. </h4>
&bull; I should have studied for the exam last night. 
&bull; They should have finished their project by now. 
&bull; You shouldn't have spoken to her like that. 
&bull; We shouldn't have gone to that party; it was boring.
<h4>Clause It is used in conditional sentences to express an assumed outcome. </h4>
&bull; If it rains, we should stay indoors.
&bull; Should you change your mind, let me know. 
&bull; In case you should have any questions, don't hesitate to ask.

Should

The Past Continuous Tense&nbsp;is usually used to talk about events that were happening at a certain time in the past. It is not a matter of when the event in the past started and ended, but that it continued to happen in the mentioned time period. 
&bull; We started playing tennis at 3 o'clock. We stopped playing tennis at 5 o'clock. 
&bull; We were playing tennis at 4 o'clock. 
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 98.3917%; border-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(250, 252, 253);" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">Time Expressions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="border-width: 0px;">when, while, as, just as, all morning/night/afternoon (+ long), yesterday, yesterday morning/evening, this time yesterday, this time last year/month/week, yesterday at 7 o'clock, last night at 8 o'clock, at the time, at that time, from...to..., during</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>☞ It is used to talk about events that took place at a certain time in the past. </h4>
&bull; It was raining yesterday morning.
&bull; In 2015 they were living in Germany. 
&bull; They were talking on the phone all night. 
&bull; It was nine o'clock. I was doing my homework.&nbsp; 
&bull; We were watching a movie at 9 o'clock last night. 
&bull;&nbsp;This time last year, I was working in a different company.
<h4>☞ The 'Past Continuous + Simple past'&nbsp;structure is used to say that something happened while another event in the past was ongoing. </h4>
&bull; When I got up, the sun was rising.
&bull; You were sleeping when I got home. 
&bull; My phone rang while I was having breakfast. 
<h4>☞ The 'Past Continuous + Past Continuous' structure is used to indicate that two events were happening at the same time in the past.</h4>
&bull; He was watching TV when I was reading a book.
&bull; He was listening to music while he was working. 
&bull; We were walking in the park as the sun was setting. 
<h4>☞&nbsp;Generally, stative verbs are not used in the past continuous tense. </h4>
✗ <del>I was knowing him</del>. ✓ I knew him.
✗ <del>I was wanting to be a doctor.</del> ✓ I wanted to be a doctor.

Past Continuous Tense 2

Elementary English grammar for beginners: Have / have got. 
Have is a verb used to indicate possession. 'Have' is used with singular and plural pronouns (I, you, we, they) and 'has' with the 3rd person singular&nbsp;pronouns (he, she, it).&nbsp;'Have got' and 'have' mean the same thing. 'Have got' is more commonly used in British English. 
<h4>Affirmative </h4>
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 58.8px;">
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">I You We They </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">have have got </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">&bull; I have money. &bull; I have got money. &bull; I've got money. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 58.8px;">
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">He She It</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">has has got </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">&bull; He has money. &bull; He has got money. &bull; He's got money. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>Negative </h4>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 25.0237%;"><col style="width: 28.2464%;"><col style="width: 46.7299%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">
I You We They
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle;">do + not + have have + not + got </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">&bull; I do not have money. &bull; I have not got money. &bull; I don't have money. &bull; I haven't got money. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">
He She It
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle;">does + not + have has + not + got </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">&bull; He does not have money. &bull; He has not got money. &bull; He doesn't have money. &bull; He hasn't got money </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Example Sentences </h2>
&bull; I&nbsp;have a cat. 
&bull; He has got a dog. 
&bull; We don't have a cat. 
&bull; She hasn't got a dog. 
&bull; He has a sister. 
&bull; John has got a car. 
&bull; I don't have a job now. 
&bull; I have got a lot of work to do today. 
&bull; The house has a swimming pool. 
&bull; The cat has beautiful eyes. 
&bull; She has got a talent for drawing. 
&bull; She has got a lot of friends. 
&bull; We have got a problem with the printer. 
<h4>Question </h4>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 137.2px;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 14.8822%;"><col style="width: 22.369%;"><col style="width: 14.0284%;"><col style="width: 48.6256%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 78.4px;">
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 78.4px;">Do</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 78.4px;">I You We They</td>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 78.4px;">have</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 78.4px;">&bull; Do you have money? </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 58.8px;">
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">Does</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">He She It</td>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">have</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">&bull; Does he have money? </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-color: #ECF0F1;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 14.8822%;"><col style="width: 22.369%;"><col style="width: 14.0284%;"><col style="width: 48.6256%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Have</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">I You We They</td>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">got</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Have you got money? </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Has</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">He She It</td>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">got</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Has he got money? </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Question-Answer Examples </h2>
&bull; Do you have money
&nbsp; - Yes, I have money. 
&bull; Have you got a car? 
&nbsp; - No, I haven't got a car. 
&bull; Has he got a ticket for the concert? 
&nbsp; - Yes, he has got a ticket. 
&bull; Have you got any plans for the weekend? 
&nbsp; - No, I haven't got any plans. 
&bull; Do you have any questions about the project? 
&nbsp; - Yes, I have a few questions. 
&bull; How many children do you have? 
&nbsp; - We have two children
&bull; How much money have you got on you? 
&nbsp; - I haven't got much money on me. 
<h4>Short Answer </h4>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 225, 235); width: 99.9053%; height: 39.2px;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); border-width: 1px; width: 28.0418%; height: 39.2px;" rowspan="2">Yes,</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">I/you/we/they do. I/you/we/they have. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">he/she/it does. he/she/it has. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 225, 235); width: 99.9053%; height: 39.2px;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); border-width: 1px; width: 28.0418%; height: 39.2px;" rowspan="2">No,</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">I/you/we/they don't. I/you/we/they haven't. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">he/she/it doesn't. he/she/it hasn't. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Short Answer Examples </h2>
&bull; Have you got a dog? - Yes, I have. 
&bull; Do you have a car? - Yes, I do. 
&bull; Has she got a sister? - No, she hasn't. 
&bull; Does he have a job? - No, he doesn't. 
&bull; Has Tom got a house? - Yes, he has.

Have / Have Got

Simple Present Tense 1

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'must'. 
Must is generally used to talk about a necessity, obligation, or strong probability. 
<table>
<thead>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + must + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; You must go now.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + must + not + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; You must not go now. &nbsp; &bull; You mustn't go now. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (must + subject + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Must I go now?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage</h2>
<h4>Necessity It is used to indicate that something is necessary or very important. </h4>
&bull; I must finish my homework.
&bull; It&rsquo;s getting dark. I really must go.
&bull;&nbsp;These flowers must be watered regularly.
<h4>Obligation It is used to indicate that something is legally or formally required. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;You must not park your car here.
&bull; You must be at least 18 years old to vote.
<h4>Strong probability It is used to indicate that something is likely or most likely true. </h4>
&bull; He must be upset about the news.
&bull; He must be tired after working all day.
&bull; She must have arrived home by now.
<h4>Recommendation It is used to recommend something that is considered good or beneficial. </h4>
&bull; You must read this book.
&bull; You must save money for the future.
<h4>Emphasis It is used with certain verbs such as 'say, admit, warn, etc.' to emphasize something. </h4>
&bull; I must say, I am quite pleased with the results.
&bull; I must admit, I didn't expect to win the competition.
<h2>Example Sentences with 'Must' </h2>
&bull; I must go now.
&bull; You must be joking.
&bull; He must be at least 50. 
 &bull; There must be some mistake. 
&bull; You must stop at the red light.
&bull; You must not leave the party early.
&bull; We must finish the report by Monday.
&bull; You must take your medicine every day.
&bull; We must leave early to catch the train.
&bull; They must follow the rules of the game.
&bull; There must be a better solution to this problem.
&bull; You must have misunderstood what I said.
&bull; They must have spent a lot of money on the wedding.
&bull; They must have forgotten to invite us to the party.
&bull; He must not violate the terms of the contract.
&bull; You must admit, the view was breathtaking.
&bull; I must warn you, the exam is going to be difficult.
&bull; He must be running late, because he's not here yet.
&bull; They must be having a great time on their trip.
&bull; You must be really excited for your vacation.
&bull; We must be prepared for the worst scenario.
&bull; You must be careful when crossing the street.
&bull; You must have a driver&rsquo;s license to operate a vehicle.
&bull; I must have left my wallet at the store, because I can't find it anywhere.
&bull; There must be a mistake on the bill, because it's too high.
&bull; There must be something wrong with the car, because it's making a strange noise.

Must

Elementary English grammar for beginners: Was / were.
'Was/were' is used as the past form of the verb 'to be'. It is used to talk about a past quality of a person or a thing.
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 62px;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 50%;"><col style="width: 50%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.6px; background-color: rgb(248, 250, 252);">
<td style="height: 19.6px;">&nbsp;am/is/are</td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">&nbsp;was/were</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.2px;">
<td style="height: 22.2px;">I'm at home now.</td>
<td style="height: 22.2px;">I was at home an hour ago. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.2px;">
<td style="height: 20.2px;">The weather is cold today.</td>
<td style="height: 20.2px;">The weather was cold yesterday.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>Affirmative </h4>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 176.4px;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 25.0237%;"><col style="width: 28.2592%;"><col style="width: 46.7171%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 58.8px;">
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">I He She It </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">was</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">
&bull; I was sick.
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 58.8px;">
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">You We They</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">were&nbsp; </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px; vertical-align: middle;">&bull; They were sick</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>Negative </h4>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 25.0237%;"><col style="width: 28.2464%;"><col style="width: 46.7299%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">I He She It </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle;">was + not </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; I was not sick. &bull; I wasn't sick. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">You We They</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle;">were + not </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">&bull; They were not sick. &bull; They weren't sick. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Example Sentences </h2>
&bull; I was so tired
&bull; It was rainy yesterday. 
&bull; He was here 5 minutes ago. 
&bull; She was in Paris last year. 
&bull; The weather wasn't cold&nbsp;this morning. 
&bull; I was so nervous&nbsp;before the interview. 
&bull; We were very tired&nbsp;after the trip. 
&bull; I was a bit late for the meeting. 
&bull; Tom and Mary weren't at the party. 
&bull; When I was a child, I was so shy. 
&bull; This time last year I was in London. 
&bull; The presentation was boring, and it wasn't short. 
&bull; The food was delicious, but it was expensive. 
&bull; The party&nbsp;was fun, but the food wasn't very good. 
&bull; He&nbsp;wasn't at work yesterday because he was sick. 
<h4>Question </h4>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-color: #ECF0F1;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 17.3175%;"><col style="width: 25.9762%;"><col style="width: 56.7063%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Was</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">I He She It</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Was he sick? </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Were</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">You We They</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Were you sick? </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>Negative Question </h4>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-color: #ECF0F1;" border="1"><colgroup><col style="width: 17.3175%;"><col style="width: 25.9762%;"><col style="width: 56.7063%;"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Wasn't</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">I He She It</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Wasn't he sick? </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Weren't</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">You We They</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Weren't you sick? </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Question-Answer Examples </h2>
&bull; Was he a doctor? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - No, he was a teacher. 
&bull; Was your car expensive? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - Yes, it was very expensive. 
&bull; Where were you yesterday?&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp; - I was at home yesterday. 
&bull; Why wasn't he at work last week?
&nbsp;&nbsp; - Because, he was sick last week.
&bull; What was it?
&nbsp;&nbsp; - It was just a cat.
&bull; How was the party?
&nbsp;&nbsp; - It was boring. 
<h4>Short Answer </h4>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 225, 235); width: 99.9053%; height: 39.2px;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); border-width: 1px; width: 28.0418%; height: 39.2px;" rowspan="2">Yes,</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">I/he/she/it was.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">you/we/they were.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 225, 235); width: 99.9053%; height: 39.2px;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); border-width: 1px; width: 28.0418%; height: 39.2px;" rowspan="2">No,</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">I/he/she/it wasn't.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6px;">
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">you/we/they weren't.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Short Answer Examples </h2>
&bull; Were you angry? - Yes, I was.
&bull; Was he at work? - No, he wasn't.
&bull; Was it cold yesterday? - No, it wasn't.
&bull; Were we late for the meeting? - Yes, we were.
&bull; Were they in the garden? - No, they weren't.

Was / Were

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'ought to'. 
Ought to is generally used to talk about a necessity, expectation, or moral obligation.&nbsp;The usage of 'ought to' is very similar to 'should'.
<table>
<thead>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative&nbsp;(subject + ought&nbsp;+ to + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; We ought to be careful.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative&nbsp;(subject + ought + not + to&nbsp;+ V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; You ought not to be late. &nbsp; &bull; You oughtn't to be late. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (ought + subject + to&nbsp;+ V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Ought I to come early?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>Righteousness It is used to indicate that doing something is right, necessary, or morally obligated. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;We ought to help her.
&bull;&nbsp;Drivers oughtn't to exceed the speed limit.
&bull;&nbsp;We ought to be more respectful towards others.
&bull;&nbsp;He ought to have listened to his teacher&rsquo;s advice.
<h4>Expectation It is used to indicate an expectation or that something is possible. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;This movie ought to be good.
&bull;&nbsp;The journey ought to take about 4 hours.
&bull;&nbsp;They ought to have arrived by now.
&bull;&nbsp;He has worked all day. He ought to be tired.
<h4>Advice It is used to give advice or make a suggestion. </h4>
&bull;&nbsp;You ought to read this book.
&bull;&nbsp;You ought to eat more fruits.
&bull;&nbsp;You ought to have come to the party. It was amusing.

Ought To

Simple Past Tense 1

English Grammar for proficiency: Modal verbs 'would'. 
Would&nbsp;is generally used as the past tense of will or to ask for something politely. It also has many other usages.
<table>
<thead>
<tr style="border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227);">
<td>Structure </td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(250, 252, 255); border-color: rgb(211, 218, 227); border-style: solid;">
<td>&nbsp; Affirmative (subject + would + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He would come early.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Negative (subject + would + not + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; &bull; He would not come early. &nbsp; &bull; He wouldn't come early. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #fafcff; border-color: #d3dae3;">
<td>&nbsp; Question (would + subject + V1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp; &bull; Would you like coffee?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>1. It is used to offer or ask for something politely. </h4>
&bull; Would you like more tea?
&bull; Would you mind waiting a moment?
&bull; Would you open the window, please?
<h4>2. It is used as the past tense of 'will'. </h4>
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<td>&nbsp;will</td>
<td>would</td>
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<td>&nbsp;&bull; He will come early.</td>
<td>&bull; He would come early. </td>
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<td>&nbsp;&bull; He says he will help me.</td>
<td>&bull; He said he would help me.</td>
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<h4>3. It is used to indicate a situation that is possible but unrealized or imagined. </h4>
&bull; You would see her if you came early.
&bull; She&rsquo;d look better with black hair.
&bull; It would be a shame to miss the event.
<h4>4. It is used to indicate an unrealized situation that is not possible to happen.</h4>
☞ This usage is always used with the 'would have + V3' structure. &bull; I would have called you, but I wasn&rsquo;t free.
&bull; If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
<h4>5. It is used to indicate something that is intended to happen. </h4>
☞&nbsp;This usage is usually used with&nbsp;'I wish' or 'If only'. &bull; I wish he would be here. 
&bull; If only I would listen to my father.
<h4>6. It is used to give advice or ask for advice from someone else. </h4>
&bull; If I were you, I would not do that. 
&bull; What would you do in my situation?
<h4>7. It is used to express a feeling, desire, etc. </h4>
☞ The following words are commonly used in this case:&nbsp;Would like, love, prefer, hate, etc. &bull; I would love a coffee.
&bull; I would hate to be late.
<h4>&nbsp;8. It is used to express an opinion on a subject that one is not sure about. </h4>
☞ The following words are commonly used in this case:&nbsp;Would imagine, say, think, etc. &bull; I&rsquo;d say he is about forty.
&bull; I would think that he was telling the truth. 
<h4>9. It is used to indicate a situation that happened or was done frequently in the past.</h4>
☞&nbsp;This usage is synonymous with 'used to'. &bull; Every morning we would walk in the park.
&bull; When we were away, she would look after our dog.
<h4>10. It is used to indicate why someone does something.</h4>
☞&nbsp;This usage is used with 'so that' veya 'in order that'. &bull; He saved money so that he would buy a car.
&bull; I left early in order that I would arrive on time.

Would

Elementary English grammar for beginners: Can and could. 
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<td style="height: 19.6px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">Can</td>
<td style="height: 19.6px;">Could</td>
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<td style="text-align: center; height: 39.2px;">+</td>
<td style="height: 39.2px;">&bull; I can run fast.</td>
<td style="height: 39.2px;">&bull; I could run fast. </td>
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<td style="text-align: center; height: 58.8px;">-</td>
<td style="height: 58.8px;">&bull; I can&rsquo;t find my keys. &bull; I cannot find my keys. </td>
<td style="height: 58.8px;">&bull; I couldn't find my keys. &bull; I could not find my keys </td>
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<td style="text-align: center; height: 39.2px;">?</td>
<td style="height: 39.2px;">&bull; Can you close the door? </td>
<td style="height: 39.2px;">&bull; Could you close the door? </td>
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<td style="width: 2.33463%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 96.37%;">☞&nbsp;The negative form of can is used as &lsquo;can&rsquo;t, cannot&rsquo;, it is not written separately as '<s>can not</s>'. ✓ I can&rsquo;t swim very well. ✓ I cannot swim very well. ✗ <del>I can not swim very well.</del> ☞ The negative form of could is used as&nbsp;&lsquo;couldn&rsquo;t, could not&rsquo;, it is not written together as '<s>couldnot</s>'. ✓ I could&rsquo;t sleep last night. ✓ I could not sleep last night. ✗ <del>I couldnot sleep last night.</del> </td>
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<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>☞ 'Can' is used to talk about a skill, competency, or possibility that a person needs to be able to do something. </h4>
&bull; I can play the guitar. 
&bull; She can speak French. 
&bull; He can't come to the party tomorrow. 
<h4>☞ 'Could' is used as the&nbsp;past tense of can, to talk about a person's past competence, skill, or possibility.</h4>
&bull; I could play the guitar. 
&bull; I could swim very well when I was young.  
&bull; He couldn't come to the party yesterday. 
<h4>☞ Both 'can' and 'could' are used to make requests or ask permission to do something. 'Could' has a more polite meaning than 'can'. </h4>
&bull; Can I use your phone? 
&bull; Could I use your phone? 
&bull; Can you close the window, please?
&bull; Could you close the window, please?

'Can' and 'Could' 1

Past Continuous Tense

Elementary English grammar for beginners: Past continuous tense. 
The Past Continuous Tense&nbsp;is used to talk about events that were happening at a certain time in the past. 
<h4>Affirmative </h4>
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">I He She It </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">was + Ving </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">
&bull; I was working.
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px;">You We They</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle; height: 58.8px;">were&nbsp;+ Ving </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); height: 58.8px; vertical-align: middle;">&bull; They were working. </td>
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<h4>Negative </h4>
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">I He She It </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle;">was + not + Ving </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; I was not working. &bull; I wasn't working.</td>
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<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">You We They</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); vertical-align: middle;">were + not + Ving </td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">&bull; They were not working. &bull; They weren't working. </td>
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<h2>Example Sentences </h2>
&bull; It was raining yesterday. 
&bull; It wasn't snowing yesterday morning. 
&bull; In 2015 he was working in Germany. 
&bull; She wasn't sleeping at 10.00 last night. 
&bull; I was studying for my exam all day.
&bull; I was sleeping when the phone rang. 
&bull; I was feeling tired, so I didn't go to the concert. 
&bull; I saw Tom yesterday. He was walking in the park. 
&bull; She was cooking dinner when I arrived home. 
&bull; I was reading a book while my sister was listening to music.
&bull; They were playing football when it started raining.
&bull;&nbsp;The sun was setting as we were walking along the beach.
&bull; Yesterday she was painting the kitchen, but today, she's cleaning the house. 
<h4>Question </h4>
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Was</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">I He She It</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">Ving</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Was he working? </td>
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<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">Were</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241);">You We They</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">Ving</td>
<td style="border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(236, 240, 241); vertical-align: middle;">&bull; Were you working?</td>
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<h2>Question-Answer Examples </h2>
&bull; Was he sleeping?&nbsp; 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - No, he wasn't sleeping. 
&bull; Was she walking in the park?&nbsp; 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - Yes, she was walking in the park. 
&bull; What were you doing last night?&nbsp; 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - I was working on the project. 
&bull; Were you studying when I called you? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - No, I was watching TV. 
&bull; Who were you talking to on the phone? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - I was talking to my sister. 
&bull; Who were you waiting for at the train station? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - I was waiting for my friend. 
&bull; When were you planning to finish your work? 
&nbsp;&nbsp; - I was planing to finish it on Friday. 
<h4>Short Answer </h4>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">I/he/she/it was.</td>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">you/we/they were.</td>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 225, 235); width: 99.9053%; height: 39.2px;" border="1">
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<td style="background-color: rgb(245, 249, 250); text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); border-width: 1px; width: 28.0418%; height: 39.2px;" rowspan="2">No,</td>
<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">I/he/she/it wasn't.</td>
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<td style="border-color: rgb(221, 225, 235); text-align: center; border-width: 1px; width: 71.9582%; height: 19.6px;">you/we/they weren't.</td>
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<h2>Short Answer Examples </h2>
&bull; Were you swimming? - Yes, I was. 
&bull; Was he waiting for me? - No, he wasn't. 
&bull; Was it raining&nbsp;yesterday? - No, it wasn't. 
&bull; Were they talking about me? - No, they weren't. 
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<td style="text-align: right;">&nbsp;</td>
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<td style="text-align: right;"><a style="color: rgb(54, 0, 115);" href="https://bilexis.com/grammar/intermediate-level/present-continuous-tense-2">Past Continuous Tense 2</a> &raquo;</td>
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Past Continuous Tense 1

English Grammar for proficiency: the indefinite article &lsquo;a/an&rsquo;. 
The indefinite article&nbsp;'a/an' means 'one, any'. This article is used only before a singular countable noun that is general or when its identity is not known. 
A or An 'A' comes before the word that starts with a consonant sound, and 'an' comes before the word that starts with a vowel sound.
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<td style="width: 48.3333%; height: 28px;">a</td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 28px;">an</td>
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<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 48.3333%; height: 168px;">a car a boy a doctor a big elephant a duck a university a house </td>
<td style="width: 50%; height: 168px;">an apple an idea an engineer an elephant an ugly duck an umbrella an hour</td>
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<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 98.6667%;">💬&nbsp; Note that we use 'a/an' according to whether the word starts with a vowel or consonant sound, not a vowel or consonant letter. In English, some words can be pronounced with a vowel sound even if they start with a consonant letter, and some are pronounced with a consonant sound even if they start with a vowel letter. </td>
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➤ Since the word &lsquo;hour&rsquo; starts with the silent letter 'h', its pronunciation begins with 'a' (with a vowel sound), therefore we use 'an'. &bull; an hour &bull; an honest &bull; an honour
➤ Since the pronunciation of the word &lsquo;university&rsquo; begins with 'y' (with a consonant sound), we use 'a'. &bull; a university &bull; a useful book &bull; a European country
➤ Similarly, in abbreviations, 'a/an' is used according to the first sound. &bull; a NATO member (first consonant sound 'neyto') &bull; a UN decision (first consonant sound 'yuen') &bull; an FM station (first vowel sound 'efem')
<h2>Usage </h2>
<h4>☞&nbsp;It is used when talking about something unknown to the listener or reader.</h4>
&bull; He is reading a book. ✍︎ It is unknown which book it is, any book. 
<h4>☞&nbsp;It is used when mentioning something for the first time in an article or speech.</h4>
&bull; Tom works in a factory. The factory is very big. ✍︎ Factory is used with 'a' in the first sentence, and with 'the' in the second sentence, as it is known as the factory where Tom works.&nbsp; 
<h4>☞ It is used to describe or define a person/thing. </h4>
&bull; A lion is an animal. 
&bull; A lion is a wild animal. 
&bull; He is an angry man.
<h4>☞ It is used when talking about a person's profession, religion, or race. </h4>
&bull; He is a teacher.
&bull; She is a Muslim.
&bull; Tom is an Englishman.
<h4>☞&nbsp;It is used in the sense of 'one'. </h4>
&bull; I have a cat and two dogs.
&bull; I have one cat and two dogs.
&bull; I bought a kilogram of sugar.
&bull; I bought one kilogram of sugar.
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<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 101.833%;">💬&nbsp; Although the meaning of these sentences is the same, the emphasis of 'one cat/kilogram' is stronger than 'a cat/kilogram'. </td>
<td style="width: 1.66667%;">&nbsp;</td>
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<h4>☞ It is used with words like 'what, such', often in exclamatory sentences. </h4>
&bull; What a shame! 
&bull; What a beautiful day!
&bull; She is such a lovely girl.
<h4>☞ It is used to indicate rate, frequency, and speed. </h4>
&bull; I go shopping once a week.
&bull; I can run 10 kilometres an hour.
&bull; The oranges are 20p a kilo.
<h4>☞ It is used in some expressions of quantity. </h4>
&bull; He came half an hour ago.
&bull; He gave me a few books.
&bull; There were a lot of people at the party.
<h4>☞ When talking about an unknown person, it is used before the person's name or the 'title + name' structure to give the meaning of 'someone...'. </h4>
&bull; A Mr. Smith is waiting for you.
&bull; He works with a Tom Kidman.
<h4>☞ It is used to show the similarity or to&nbsp;make a comparison with a special well-known name. </h4>
&bull; He's regarded as an Einstein in his field. 
&bull;&nbsp;My father thinks that he is a Shakespeare.
<h4>☞ It is used before the names of some diseases. </h4>
&bull; I have a headache.
&bull; I have got a cold.
<h4>☞ It is used to specify one of the days of the week without stating the exact day. </h4>
&bull; I was born on a Friday.